to extent can the problems of urban development be met by a policy of sustainable development
Urbanization (or urbanisation) refers to the increasing number of people that live in urban areas. It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal or vertical. The United Nations projected that half of the world 's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008.[1] By 2050 it is predicted that 64.1% and 85.9% of the developing and developed world respectively will be urbanized.[2]
Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, i.e. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban development relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing.
Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture. The last major change in settlement patterns was the accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages many thousand years ago. Village culture is characterized by common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal behavior whereas urban culture is characterized by distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relations, and competitive behavior. This unprecedented movement of people is forecast to continue and intensify in the next few decades, mushrooming cities to sizes incomprehensible only a century ago. Indeed, today, in Asia the urban agglomerations of Dhaka, Karachi, Jakarta, Mumbai, Delhi, Manila, Seoul and Beijing are each already home to over 20 million people, while the Pearl River Delta, Shanghai-Suzhou and Tokyo are forecast to approach or exceed 40 million people each within the coming decade. Outside Asia, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, New York
Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, i.e. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban development relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing.
Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture. The last major change in settlement patterns was the accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages many thousand years ago. Village culture is characterized by common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal behavior whereas urban culture is characterized by distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relations, and competitive behavior. This unprecedented movement of people is forecast to continue and intensify in the next few decades, mushrooming cities to sizes incomprehensible only a century ago. Indeed, today, in Asia the urban agglomerations of Dhaka, Karachi, Jakarta, Mumbai, Delhi, Manila, Seoul and Beijing are each already home to over 20 million people, while the Pearl River Delta, Shanghai-Suzhou and Tokyo are forecast to approach or exceed 40 million people each within the coming decade. Outside Asia, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, New York
References: 1. ^ "UN says half the world 's population will live in urban areas by end of 2008". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. February 26, 2008. 2. Jump up ^ "Urban life: Open-air computers". The Economist. 2012-10-27. Retrieved 2013-03-20. 8. Jump up ^ "UN State of the World Population". UNFPA. 2007. 9. Jump up ^ Ankerl, Guy (1986). Urbanization Overspeed in Tropical Africa. INUPRESS, Geneva. ISBN 2-88155-000-2. 12. Jump up ^ "Thai Youth Seek a Fortune Away From the Farm". New York Times. 2012-06-05. Retrieved 2012-06-05. 15. Jump up ^ "Early Death Assured In India Where 900 Million Go Hungry". Bloomberg. 2012-06-13. Retrieved 2012-06-13. 16. Jump up ^ Borowiecki, Karol J. (2013) Geographic Clustering and Productivity: An Instrumental Variable Approach for Classical Composers, Journal of Urban Economics, 73(1): 94-110 17 18. Jump up ^ Grant, Ursula (2008) Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets London: Overseas Development Institute 19 20. Jump up ^ Glaeser, Edward (Spring 1998). "Are Cities Dying?". The Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (2): 139–160. doi:10.1257/jep.12.2.139. 24. Jump up ^ Park, H.-S. (1987). Variations in the urban heat island intensity affected by geographical environments. Environmental Research Center papers, no. 11. Ibaraki, Japan: Environmental Research Center, The University of Tsukuba. 31. Jump up ^ Bora, Madhusmita (2012-07-01). "Shifts in U.S. housing demand will likely lead to the re-urbanization of America". Nwitimes.com. Retrieved 2013-03-20. 34. Jump up ^ Lovelace, E.H. (1965). "Control of urban expansion: the Lincoln, Nebraska experience". Journal of the American Institute of Planners 31:4: 348–352.