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Tqm Introductie

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Tqm Introductie
Geschiedenis, theorie en toepasbaarheid van Total Quality Management

Samenvatting
Dit essay geeft allereerst een overzicht van de achtergronden, geschiedenis, theorie, instrumenten van het kwaliteitsmanagement model ‘Total Quality Managament (TQM)’. Vervolgens komt een aantal gebleken problemen bij implementatie van TQM aan de orde.

Denken over kwaliteit: achtergronden en geschiedenis
Het concept kwaliteit is door de jaren heen geëvalueerd van het uitvoeren van eenvoudige inspecties in de eerste jaren van de 20e eeuw naar statistische controle vanaf de tweede wereld oorlog (1940). Vanaf die tijd werden ook kwaliteitscontrolekaarten gebruikt om de productieprocessen te monitoren. In de jaren ‘60 werd de complete organisatie betrokken bij kwaliteitsdenken. Vanaf de jaren ‘80 werd kwaliteit betrokken op de wensen van de klant: de klantgedreven kwaliteit. Het grote verschil is dat de focus van controle achteraf steeds meer verschuift naar voren in het ontwerp- en productieproces.

Figuur 1 Historische ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsdenken

Dit ontwikkelproces is met name door filosofieën over kwaliteit van enkele vooraanstaande Amerikaanse en Japanse theoretici tot stand gekomen. Walter Shewhart (1891-1967) was statisticus bij de Bell laboratoria in de jaren 1920-1930. Shewhart ontwikkelde kwaliteitscontrolekaarten die gebruikt werden om te identificeren of de variabiliteit in het productieproces toeval is of te verklaren was door een aanwijsbare oorzaak. Door juist de variabiliteit met een aanwijsbare oorzaak aan te pakken gaat volgens hem de kwaliteit omhoog. Zijn werk wordt gezien als het fundament voor statistische proces controle. Shewhart wordt vaak “de grootvader van de kwaliteitscontrole” genoemd. William Edwards Deming (1900-1993) was een professor in de statistiek aan de Universiteit van New York. Hij is na de Tweede Wereldoorlog naar Japan afgereisd om de productiebedrijven daar te helpen met het verbeteren van de kwaliteit. De kern van Deming’s

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