At all levels: bother international and interpersonal
Because the environmental changer, sometimes, organization has to change their business to adapt to the environment. Eg. You could be doing textile business but you change to the property business.
There are also time when there is new people in the organization, the organization might change their vision or deviate from their original vision.
1. Ethnocentrism judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.
2. Polycentrism
Polycentrism is the principle of organization of a region around several political, social or financial centres.
3. Regiocentrism,
Regiocentric orientaiton, operations are managed regionally. Communications and coordination within a region are high but less so between regions.
It is a approach for staffing of foreign operations on a regional basis. If the firm is an MNC than it would recuit local people under this orientation.
4. Geocentrism
Geocentric management involves a global view of the organization's international operations. Rather than orienting themselves toward either the home country or the host country, top managers consider the organization's goals, plans, and performance from a broader, worldwide perspective.
There are many dimension of diversity. When you are address diversity, you should address which dimension, eg Gender diversity, cultural diversity etc.
Worplace changes & Discrimination
Affirmative action: To correct past wrong doings
Equal Employment Opportunity Laws: To ensure everyone has the equal opportunity to be employed. Eg. In U.S. This is also result reverse discrimination. Because of the quota system, some employers will hired the unqualified to fill up the quota.
In Singapore, we go by polycentrism or meritocracy. When you are high skilled, you will be more paid and your children will have more resources to receive better education. However, if