Transport and Logistics Research and Its Impact on Capacity Building of Local Institutions in Nigeria

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
© 2011, Science Huβ, http://www.scihub.org/AJSIR ISSN: 2153-649X doi:10.5251/ajsir.2011.2.4.559.566

Transport and logistics research and its impact on capacity building of local institutions in Nigeria
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Somuyiwa, A.O. Ph.D, CMILT, 2 Oyesiku, O.O Ph.D, FCILT and 3Dosunmu, V.A. M.sc, CMILT Department of Transport Management, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. 2 Professor, Transport Systems and Planning,Dept of Geography and Regional Planning, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT The paper through descriptive analysis sought to explain the needs for transport and logistics research, issues and benefits in transport research.. This is predicated on the fact that transport and logistics problems in developing countries require local solutions that are inherently different from those in more developed countries. The prevailing road environment is often different with climatic factors having a considerable influence on design and performance. Motorcycles, pedal cycles and various forms of non-motorised transport compete with cars, trucks and pedestrians for the use of the available road space, resulting in situations in which the most vulnerable road users are often particularly at risk. However, research has proved to be effective in devising innovative and cost-effective solutions for the provision of access and the facilitation of transport services that meet the need for safe, sustainable access and greater mobility for the poor in developing countries. Over 5 decades after achieving independence, Nigeria still rely on developed nations to conduct the research required to solve their problems in the transport sector. The provision of the relatively small amount of funding needed for researching solutions would appear to be a sound investment for the nation. It is in the light of this that the paper attempt to give examples of the benefits from investment in research in the transport sector, describes programs designed to facilitate innovation and research in the sector in developing countries, identifies the research need and suggests ways in which donors and recipient country organizations can assist in establishing a framework for carrying out research. Keywords: Transport, Research, Impact, Capacity Local, Institutions INTRODUCTION Transport, no doubt, is a live wire of any society; this is a result of its crucial roles in socio-economic and political activities of a nation. For instance, transport of any mode has enhanced spatial interaction, induced locational changes and integrated various regional spaces. Suffice it to stress that, transportation is the process by which people, goods and services move from one place to another. On the other hand, logistics can be simply defined as timely positioning of resources. In other words, it is a situation where resources are MOVED to where they are needed (consumers (Place utility), when they are needed (Time utility) in a cost effective manner without consequence on the environment. The import of this is that, there must be movement that entails transportation before the ultimate objectives of logistics could be realised. The importance of transport in the social, economic and political development of nations has been articulated by various scholars over the years (e.g. Gauthier 1968, Hoyle 1973, Filani 1993, Murayama 1994, Lanbach 1995, Simon 1996 and Hoyle et. al. 1998, among others) and it is now well known. But the social, economic and political environment of any country and their demand for transport are varied and dynamic. The demand for a country’s transport system, being a derived demand must anticipate and respond appropriately to this dynamic environment. This anticipation and response can be made only within the context of a useful and relevant transport studies. It is not surprising therefore that a purposeful transport studies is the bedrock of social and economic development. Surprisingly, the ultimate goal for developing countries is economic self sufficiency so that these nations can play a full part in world economic and trade activities rather than being perpetual recipients
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of aids. The capability to develop innovative technology through effective research is a measure of a nation’s ability to progress economically and identifying solutions to local problems, including those in the transport sector, is an important part of the development process. Research has proved to be effective in devising innovative and cost-effective solutions for the provision of access and the facilitation of transport services that meet the need for safe, sustainable access and greater mobility for the poor in developing countries. In the same vain, the transport problems in developing countries require local solutions that are inherently different from those in more developed countries. The prevailing road environment is often different with climatic factors having a considerable influence on design and performance. Motorcycles, pedal cycles and various forms of non-motorised transport compete with cars, trucks and pedestrians for the use of the available road space, resulting in situations in which the most vulnerable road users are often particularly at risk. According to O’Neill and Greening, (2010), Research is the mechanism for the advancement of knowledge and economic growth and is directly linked to investment in research. Research is also directly linked to lag behind in the development of appropriate local solutions to their problems but also in economic development. There are numerous examples of foreign consultants proposing and implementing recommendations that are inappropriate to local conditions. This should not be surprising. Local problems need local solutions and foreign practitioners are not best placed to understand local needs. A far better way of addressing these problems is to invest in the local research capacity needed to develop appropriate, innovative solutions required to solve local problems however, any investment in research must be matched by a local commitment to sustaining a research capability and must also include creating an environment that will attract and retain skilled professionals with an interest in research. Again, O’Neill, (2005), opined that governments in the developed world provide financial support to developing countries with the aim of helping them achieve the ultimate goal of economic self sufficiency so that these nations can play a full part in world economic and trade activities rather than being perpetual recipients of aid. Development agencies support projects and programmes with the main goal of promoting and assisting the recipient country’s

development agenda. In the transport sector, this support is often aimed at increasing the accessibility and mobility of the urban and rural poor. The World Bank is committed to improving the sustainability of the sector through increased efficiency and making the supply of transport services more responsive to the needs of users. Knowledge derived from research is an essential ingredient for sustainable development in that it provides the information needed for technological development and the social and economic benefits that accrue from it. In a related development, Pinard,( 2005) proclaimed that, collaborative programmes between development agencies and local government and private institutions are funded to support research initiatives, initiate knowledge transfer, increase awareness of appropriate technology and adopt new approaches proven through research that are expected to make a positive and lasting impact in solving a country’s transport problems. The donor support phase for such programmes usually has a limited time frame with the expectation that the host nation will become aware of the potential long-term benefits of the initiative and will embed it into national policies and strategies. When this does happen, the initiatives can be said to be mainstreamed with high prospects of their continuance and resulting longlasting benefits. However, over 50 years after achieving independence, Nigeria like many developing nations still rely on developed nations to conduct the research required to solve their problems in the transport sector. The provision of the relatively small amount of funding needed for researching solutions would appear to be a sound investment for most developing countries. Research effort is needed in most of the areas related to transport for the provision of safe and sustainable access and improved mobility for poor communities in developing countries. Yet, despite the large benefits from research in the transport sector as in the examples given in this paper, investment in transport research in woefully small and even non-existent in many developing counties. The current situation in which foreign entities carry out transport research for developing countries, even if it is in partnership, is neither sustainable in the longer term nor is it in the recipient country’s best interests (Parkash, 2008). It is in the light of these that the paper aims at evaluating the benefits from investment in research in the transport sector, describes programs designed to facilitate innovation and research in the sector in

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developing countries, identifies the research need and suggests ways in which donors and recipient country organizations can assist in establishing a framework for carrying out research. Similarly all these will be assessed using empirical cases where appropriate, therein, conclusion will be drawn. Theoretical Framework and Literature Issues of Interest in Transport Research: In attempt to understand transportation, we need to know the transport elements or issues that could propel transport research. Thus we may ask what the issues of interest in transport as a discipline. The issues of interest in transport may be difficult to define because of the nature of transport itself. It is interesting to note that, people who are attracted to a career in developing country research are usually those who can identify gaps in knowledge, are able to design research projects and get satisfaction from the impacts when the (often) innovative outputs from research are applied for the benefits of others. Additional factors in attracting motivated professionals into research is that they have the opportunity to work in an environment conducive to research, (i.e. in a respected research institution), have an assured career path with adequate standing within the organization in which they work and that remuneration is at a level which will attract good professional staff. (In at least on African country, transfer into the research branch is seen as a demotion or for somebody who is regarded as being at the end of their career). Whilst some experience in one’s chosen field is often additional benefit in a research career, being shunted into what is regarded as a dead end career-wise is hardly likely to inspire people to take up research or to attract the calibre of people who are the idea generators. Components of sustainability for training and keeping good quality staff include: Strong and respected research institutions that are well managed. • Present and future funding streams • Career paths with fair advancement channels • Remuneration compatible with the level of education and achievement. • Partnerships with organizations of researchers and other research institutions • Interesting rewarding projects Universities and other transport engineering education establishment also have a vital role to play in ensuring that engineers are aware of the potential •

impacts and benefits of research and innovation. These establishments have the opportunity to encourage students not only to take an interest in research where it might lead to a higher degree but also to take up research as a long-term profession. Research is sometimes carried out to quantify what is known qualitatively or for adapting previous experience to current conditions and the local environment. This is especially relevant in adapting research requirements and outcomes to developing country needs. Developing country research projects in the transport sector can be particularly rewarding and enjoyable to work on. There is often a clear demand for the work and the impacts when the results are (eventually) implemented are often clearly appreciated by the local communities for whose benefit the research has been conducted.

Lay,(2006) identified another important factor influencing both research and the take-up of research output is that donor funded research projects are invariably short-term whereas all the evidence suggests that it takes considerable time to build a sustainable research capacity and even longer to mainstream research outputs. ‘Staying the course’ is important if the benefits are to be accrued from investment in research. This also strengthens the case for building indigenous research capacity where the research and mentoring of the uptake of the outputs are not influenced by externally imposed time constraints. The provision of the relatively small amount of funding needed for researching solutions would appear to be a sound investment for most developing countries, yet funding for transport research is still virtually in many of them. Transport is a multi-disciplinary subject matter with geographers, engineers, economists, political scientists, historians, lawyers, playing specific but complementary roles in its operation, management and research (Ogunsanya, 2004). For instance, the engineers are concerned with the design and the development of transport infrastructure and facilities. The economists are interested in the demand and supply of transport infrastructures and services with specific reference to cost and allocation of resources. The transport historians look at the evolution of transport facilities in relation to past societies and their economic systems. Because political considerations are significant in the provision of transport facilities, and because the government

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provides the funds and regulate the system, transport attracts the political scientists who study the appropriateness of government policies. Law is yet another discipline which is interested in transport because the operation and management of the transport systems are subject to legal and regulatory frameworks. This is particularly so in international conventions and protocols affecting the maritime and aviation industries. For the geographer the interest is in the spatial distribution of transport infrastructure and services. Comparing the interest of geographers in transport with those of the other disciplines. Hoyle and Knowles (1998) observed that “transport geography lies in the heart of this interlocking web of relationships… and focuses upon the analysis of relationships, especially those expressed in spatial dimensions”. So diverse are the issues of interest in transport as exhibited by the different disciplines, but interestingly no specific discipline has that monopoly of transport system analysis. The disciplines must work together in the effort to define acceptable concepts, theories and methodologies. They must draw from the same pool of academic knowledge in the pursuit of objectivity and truth in transport research. Consequently, the issue of interest in transport is set not by a preconceived notion of any specific discipline but the problems that the transport system itself exhibits. These problems include: Pattern of demand for transport, the supply of transport infrastructure and services, effect of transport on environmental issues and energy and technological issues. Although all these issue are germane, but they are not within the ambit of this paper, nevertheless, they will still be paraphrased in the subsection. Agenda for Transport as a discipline In developing countries, transport services are a vital component for the social and economic development of poor urban and rural communities. Reliable and sustainable access provided by good roads and efficient transport services enable the benefits from investment in other sectors such as health, education and agriculture to be fully realized. Indeed, although no transport goals per se were included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), it is now widely accepted that the access and mobility provided by good transport services will be a key factor in the achievement of the MDGs in other sectors. The importance of the provision of transport services is recognized by the World Bank with 23% of

its loans allocated to the transport sector (James, et al, 2007). These problems require specific local solutions and research is an important mechanism for deriving appropriate solutions and promoting innovation. Thus, research effort is needed in most of the areas related to transport. Collaborative research is effective, only if it fully involves local practitioners, education institutions and local research facilities. Community participation is a key involvement of local practitioners, institutions and communities is vital in identifying local problems associated with the provision of access and transport services. These inputs are also essential in helping devise the solutions that meet the need for safe and sustainable access and greater mobility for people living in urban and rural areas of the developing world. Components for increasing the likelihood of project success include:• • • • The inclusion of implementers into the project planning process The use of good quality local researchers with respected credibility High level support and awareness from local partners The use of media support to increase public awareness of potential benefits

Most developing countries in Africa and Asia achieved independence in the 1960’s and, at that time, there were relatively few qualified professionals available to carry out the essential tasks required by the transport sector. Understandably, research was of a low priority. Although human resource constraints may still occasionally be a problem, many developing countries are now much better equipped to carry out research. However, over 40 years later, many of these countries still rely on developed nations to conduct the research required to solve their problems in the transport sector. Although developing countries are increasingly aware of their problems, few have set up the institutional frameworks required to facilitate the transfer of existing knowledge or to conduct the research in the transport sector that would help solve these problems. In a rapid changing Nigerian environment, there are definitely numerous issues about transport that need to be considered. For example the volatile political and economic situation, innovation in technological

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and telecommunication facilities, deregulation and privatization policy in the transport system, the widening mobility gap between the rich and the poor; the increasing energy cost; increasing awareness of environmental quality, among others all of which create the need for study in transport. Consequently, the following areas are important to be studied in Transport: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Transport operations and management Public VS private transport services Performance evaluation of transport services and improvement needs Intermediate transport system Effective traffic management and control Inter-modal coordination Funding/investment/resource allocation Regulations (Economic, Safety and Technical) Physical distribution and Logistics Transport Environment and Energy Issues Environmental gravity and monitoring Land use planning Transport policy impact assessment Transport Demand and Supply Vehicle stock and characteristics Changing paten of transport demand and supply Monopoly gap and differential accessibility Travel behaviour and implications Freight traffic generation and attraction Activities and their travel needs, telecommuting Transport Infrastructural Provisions Terminals and interchange facilities Efficiency of infrastructure (complementary facilities etc) Maintenance issues Use of local materials for construction Declining friction of distance Alternatives to movement; Telecommuting (impact of GSM etc); Courier services activities; Supply chain management; Electronic mail and the internet. Transport Technology Issues Automobile design to meet peculiar needs; Reduction of rapid deterioration of roads; Automobile technology adaption;

Technological innovation e.g. local resources for road construction and vehicle manufacturing etc; • Traffic systems management (TSM) local peculiarities and adaptation. - Challenges in theory and methodology • Developing concepts and theories • Demand modeling (forecasting techniques) • Information technology (Quantity and quality of urban transport data) • Transport planning and policy • Policy typology as a framework for analysis (deregulation; privatization and investment) • Impact of political changes on transport system • Methods in policy impact assessment and policy review (Ogunsanya, 2004). It is interesting to note that, the list as outline is not exhaustive; the study outline may be extended, modified and improved upon depending on the specific needs of the country’s transport system and the existing government policy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The paper is theoretical in nature; hence methodology approach will be specifically descriptive, such that the philosophical presupposition of the concepts underlying the major tenets of transport and logistics research will be discussed. Benefit from Research in the Transport Sector Examples of beneficial research: Recognizing these issues, the UK government funded research in road engineering specifically to address these problems in southern Africa in the early 1980’s. the research was conducted in Botswana where an extension of the road network across the Kalahari Desert was planned which would link the eastern and western parts of the country. In this region, good building materials which met existing specifications were scarce. At that time, the sand did not meet the specifications for sub-base, the calcareous gravels did not meet the specifications for base course and the harder aggregates meeting the strength requirements for surfacing stone were not available (Jacobs and Greaves, 2003). Responding to problems and issues in the transport sector: The provision of effective and efficient transport is not only a pre-requisite for greater rural access, it is essential for trade and for economic development. In Africa, 80% of the continent’s goods and services are carried by road but has transport costs that are amongst the highest

•

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in the world. The transport problems in developing countries are inherently different from those is more developed countries and typify the need for local solutions. The prevailing road environment is often different with climatic factors having a considerable influence on the design and performance and road infrastructure. The mix of traffic on both urban and rural roads is different from developed countries and also often differs between developing countries. Pedestrians, pedal cyclists and various forms of nonmotorised vehicles for the use of the available road space and this often results in situations in which the most vulnerable road users are particularly at risk (Juhel, 2008). Gravel roads: In some developing countries, O’Neill and Greening,(2010), opined that over 90 per cent of the road network remains unpaved. Maintaining these roads in a condition that provides all-weather-access is becoming increasingly difficult as good gravel resources become depleted whilst traffic increases. In many developing countries, gravels for road construction are simply unavailable with economic haul distances and even in others with gravel resources, supplies are depleting rapidly. This leads to a situation where gravels of decreasing quality are used for both road construction and maintenance with an ever-increasing frequency in the cycle of deterioration and the need for repair. Maintaining unpaved roads to a standard that ensures sustainable access is thus becoming an increasingly difficult task. Rural road networks consist predominantly of roads of gravel or earth construction. In Tanzania, for example, only some 7 per cent of the entire classified road network is bituminized. Rural roads are often a lifeline for rural communities. Studies carried out in S.E Asia found a strong correlation between lack of access to basic infrastructure and poverty. Conversely, villages provided with road access produced more than they did before. The problem with gravel roads is that they often deteriorate rapidly, especially in the wet season, disrupting transport services and access to health centers and markets when it is most needed. Urban mobility: The programmes highlighted in this paper are aimed primarily at improving safe and sustainable access for the rural poor but the mobility of the urban poor is also of concern as opined by Parkash, (2008). A significant movement of the rural population to urban centers is underway in many developing countries as the rural poor seek access to economic opportunities in the hope of improving their

livelihoods. In some countries where most people once dwelled in the rural area, the urban population now exceeds 60% of the total population. It is estimated that in Asia, by 2020, 4 billion people will be living in 2,500 cities with populations exceeding 100,000. The effect of urban population growth on traffic congestion is already apparent in many towns and cities in Asia and elsewhere. The problem of moving people in these cities is one that will exacerbate in the future. Research will also be required to help devise solutions that meet the mobility needs of the urban poor. Road Safety: Lay, (2006), affirmed that, the safety of all road users in developing countries is of increasing concern. While the rate of road accidents is decreasing in Europe, it continues to rise in most developing countries. Over 3,000 deaths from road accidents are reported every day worldwide with 85% of these in developing countries. Over 30,000 serious non-fatal injuries are reported per day but the actual figure is estimated to be much greater and is currently estimated to be of the order of 150,000. This is not only an enormous human tragedy but it comes with a severe economic cost. Many developing countries in 1997 was estimated to be $65 billion, which was equivalent to the total official investment in development aid. Knowledge dissemination and transfer gTKP: According to O’Neill, (2005) Global Transport Knowledge Partnership (gTKP) is to facilitate the sharing of knowledge. It is an innovative partnership working through existing initiatives established by its partners to make effective use of available knowledge and increase the capacity of less developed countries to access and apply knowledge and good practice gTKP is a global organization providing opportunities for networking between practitioners and the building of partnerships through its website. Knowledge transfer into practice: The “local” content in both the consulting and the contracting component of road projects (especially sealed roads) in some developing countries is often small or at such a level that there are virtually no opportunities for local practitioners to influence either the design or the construction methodology. In these circumstances, technology transfer in either direction is stifled and the long-term goal of sustainability through technology transfer, about which so much is spoken, is unlikely to be achieved.

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The main outcomes from the research encapsulated in Guidelines are: • That traditional highway engineering, applicable to roads with higher volumes of traffic, is not appropriate for rural roads in developing countries • The importance of adopting more holistic, sustainable approaches to the provision of low-volume roads • The need to revise conventional approaches to planning, economic appraisal and the environment • The shortcomings of conventional specifications (often imported) and, to some extent, test methods, for assessing the inadequacy of local materials for use in the construction of rural roads • The advantages of adopting more appropriate geometric and pavement design standards that provide for the safe use by all road users • The economic success of innovative construction methods • The importance of paying greater attention to the environmental aspects of road provision • The need for dialogue with local communities • The need to adopt a whole-life of life-time approach to investments in all roads including low-volume rural roads. • Possibility of increasing economic base of the country through employment opportunities as highlighted in appendices 1and 2 CONCLUSION If countries display a commitment in developing a research capacity, then development agencies committed to transport and research are more likely to provide initial support. For this to happen, there must be a clear demand by the partner government for assistance and an unremitting commitment to its future. What has to be avoided is a situation where the partner country reverts to its previous position when donor support is withdrawn. The basic factors required for creating the environment for sustainable research are not likely to be significantly different from those suggested for the sustainability of other projects. • Politically supported • Socially acceptable • Institutionally embedded • Environmentally sustainable

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Financially sound Economically viable Technically appropriate

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Adeniji, K. (1985); “Urban Transportation Systems in Nigeria” ODU No. 28, 1985. BTRE (2001) Logistics in Australia: A Preliminary Analysis. Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics, Canberra, Cook, J. R., 2008. The Effective Application of Appropriate Standards and Specifications. Presentation to the „Asia on the Move Transport Forum, Manila Philippines. Filani, M.O (1993) “Transport and Rural Development in Nigeria” Journal of Transport Geography 1 (4), pp 248-254. Gauthier, H. (1968) Transportation and the growth of the Sao Paulo Economy. Journal of Regional Sciences Vol 8. Geddes R. 2009. The Africa Community Access Programme. Update on progress. Presentation to the Low Volume Sealed Roads Workshop. Arusha Tanzania. April. Gourley C. S and P A K Greening. 1999. Performance of Low-Volume sealed roads: Results and Recommendations from Studies in Southern Africa. TRL Report Pr/OSC/167/99. Crowthorne, UK. Hoyle, B. et al (1998) The role of Transport in the Development Process; Case study from Quebee, Indonisia, Zimbabwe and China” in Hoyle and Knowles (ed) Modern Transport Geography. Hoyle, B.S (1973) Transport and Development Macmillian London Jacobs G, A Aeron-Thomas and A Astrop. (2000). Estimating Global Road Fatalities.TRL Report 445. Crowthorne. UK. Jacobs G D and N Greaves. (2003) Transport in Developing and Emerging Nations. Transport Reviews Volume 23 Number 2 April- June. James, M, O“Neill,P. and Salter,D..(2007) Engineering with the environment to improve access. Paper presented to the 25th Conference of ASEAN Engineering Organisations (CAFEO), Cebu, Philippines, November. Juhel M. (2008). Safe Clean and Affordable Transport for Development: World Bank Business Strategy. Presentation to the „Asia on the Move Transport Forum Manila Philippines Sept.

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Lanbach, T.R (1955) “Transportation and Third World Development; Review, Issues and Prescription” Transportation Research 29A (5). Lay M G. (2006) Why Invest in Road Research? – A Review of Past Research Outcomes. 22nd ARRB Conference. Research into Practice. Canberra Australia. Ogunsanya, A.A (2004)” Directions of Transport research and development in Nigeria in the 21st century”. A paper presented at the National conference and Alumni Re-union, Centre for Transport Studies, AgoIwoye. O’Neill, Peter and Greening, Tony (2010) The benefits from increasing Transport Research Capacity of Local Institutions in Developing countries. Being a conference Proceedings of 12th Conference of Transport Research, Lisbon, Portugal.

O’Neill P. (2005). Transport Knowledge Partnership. Presentation to 4th International Focus Group meeting on Rural Roads. Kunming, China 10 – 14 March. Pinard M I.(2005). Facing the challenges of technology transfer in Africa. 2nd Africa technology Transfer Conference. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. 20 - 23 Sept. Parkash M. (2008). ADB Transport Vision 2020. Presentation to the „Asia on the Move Transport Forum, Manila Philippines. Sept 2008. Somuyiwa, A. O. (2009) “Understanding Transport and Logistics”. Being a Paper presented at Workshop on Young Members Forum of Chartered institute of Logistics and Transport, Nigeria,

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References: Adeniji, K. (1985); “Urban Transportation Systems in Nigeria” ODU No. 28, 1985. BTRE (2001) Logistics in Australia: A Preliminary Analysis. Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics, Canberra, Cook, J. R., 2008. The Effective Application of Appropriate Standards and Specifications. Presentation to the „Asia on the Move Transport Forum, Manila Philippines. Filani, M.O (1993) “Transport and Rural Development in Nigeria” Journal of Transport Geography 1 (4), pp 248-254. Gauthier, H. (1968) Transportation and the growth of the Sao Paulo Economy. Journal of Regional Sciences Vol 8. Geddes R. 2009. The Africa Community Access Programme. Update on progress. Presentation to the Low Volume Sealed Roads Workshop. Arusha Tanzania. April. Gourley C. S and P A K Greening. 1999. Performance of Low-Volume sealed roads: Results and Recommendations from Studies in Southern Africa. TRL Report Pr/OSC/167/99. Crowthorne, UK. Hoyle, B. et al (1998) The role of Transport in the Development Process; Case study from Quebee, Indonisia, Zimbabwe and China” in Hoyle and Knowles (ed) Modern Transport Geography. Hoyle, B.S (1973) Transport and Development Macmillian London Jacobs G, A Aeron-Thomas and A Astrop. (2000). Estimating Global Road Fatalities.TRL Report 445. Crowthorne. UK. Jacobs G D and N Greaves. (2003) Transport in Developing and Emerging Nations. Transport Reviews Volume 23 Number 2 April- June. James, M, O“Neill,P. and Salter,D..(2007) Engineering with the environment to improve access. Paper presented to the 25th Conference of ASEAN Engineering Organisations (CAFEO), Cebu, Philippines, November. Juhel M. (2008). Safe Clean and Affordable Transport for Development: World Bank Business Strategy. Presentation to the „Asia on the Move Transport Forum Manila Philippines Sept. 565 Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2011, 2(4): 559-566 Lanbach, T.R (1955) “Transportation and Third World Development; Review, Issues and Prescription” Transportation Research 29A (5). Lay M G. (2006) Why Invest in Road Research? – A Review of Past Research Outcomes. 22nd ARRB Conference. Research into Practice. Canberra Australia. Ogunsanya, A.A (2004)” Directions of Transport research and development in Nigeria in the 21st century”. A paper presented at the National conference and Alumni Re-union, Centre for Transport Studies, AgoIwoye. O’Neill, Peter and Greening, Tony (2010) The benefits from increasing Transport Research Capacity of Local Institutions in Developing countries. Being a conference Proceedings of 12th Conference of Transport Research, Lisbon, Portugal. O’Neill P. (2005). Transport Knowledge Partnership. Presentation to 4th International Focus Group meeting on Rural Roads. Kunming, China 10 – 14 March. Pinard M I.(2005). Facing the challenges of technology transfer in Africa. 2nd Africa technology Transfer Conference. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. 20 - 23 Sept. Parkash M. (2008). ADB Transport Vision 2020. Presentation to the „Asia on the Move Transport Forum, Manila Philippines. Sept 2008. Somuyiwa, A. O. (2009) “Understanding Transport and Logistics”. Being a Paper presented at Workshop on Young Members Forum of Chartered institute of Logistics and Transport, Nigeria, 566