This paper provides an overview the current DSM-5 paraphilic disorder category. Each subcategory is examined and discussed. The subcategories included are voyeurism, exhibitionism, frotteurism, sexual masochism, sexual sadism, pedophilia, fetishism, transvestism, and paraphilia not otherwise specified. Discussion includes the proposed assessment, diagnosing criteria, and the effectiveness of current treatments for each of these paraphilic disorders. The importance of a thorough assessment is stressed in order to make an accurate diagnosis and to develop a treatment plan that will be effective for the client. Treatments included therapy models such as individual therapy, group therapy, solution-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy alone and in conjunction with pharmacological agents. The effectiveness of these treatment options are examined to determine how effective they are in paraphilias with comorbidities. The need for additional research on the long-term effects of pharmacological agents was established.…
Medical discrimination against treatment of transgender males is still pervasive today. A 2011 transgender discrimination study (N = 6434) conducted by the National Center of Transgender Equality (NCTE) and the National LGBTQ Task Force (previously named the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force) found 20% of the female to male respondents (FtM, n = 1,687) experienced over…
If women who were captured by Indians sometimes chose to go back to their captors, my opinion is that this was most likely caused by the fact that in the British colonies, women were stuck in a world of subjugation. They may have found life in another culture such as the Native American tribes fairer, or at least more tolerable to live in, if they were accepted. I formed this idea from the evidence in the text in which I repeatedly found the female colonists were second-class as a usual practice in most colonies. Even the small amount ‘man’s work’ women were sometimes doing was limited to fieldwork, and only if labor was scarce.…
This is a request for your participation in my research focusing on the effect of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in conjunction with medication, in the treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). The purpose of this study is to assess if both treatment strategies, delivered concurrently, are more successful in treating BDD. Within psychology research, there has been ample evidence documenting the efficacy of both CBT and the drug fluoxetine in treating BDD, but there no studies have assessed the effectiveness of both treatments in conjunction. This research can potentially provide evidence for a novel approach to BDD treatment.…
Unsurprisingly, transgenders, those who believe they are the opposite gender than their biological gender, have an increased rate of depression and anxiety, as well as substance use. The two mental illnesses go hand in hand, which just increases the chance of both being diagnosed. Transgenders are commonly bullied at school, and have no support from friends and family. They are consistently judged by their peers, and in the religious world are judged as going against the will of God. They have even been told that they are suffering from a mental illness, which also affects the likelihood that someone will seek treatment. Many transgenders tend to not go to therapy, or seek help because they wish to not direct attention and discuss their gender dysphoria. The question still remains whether being a transgender is actually a mental illness. Many transgenders are commonly diagnosed gender dysphoria, rather than depressed. They are continuously pushed to change their gender, and in this sense they are more commonly undiagnosed as having major depressive disorder, and thus also have a higher suicide rates than non-transgender people. So because of the psychiatrists who still view this gender dysphoria as being a mental disorder, many trans are being misdiagnosed as being co-diagnose, rather than the larger matter of the one major illness, major depressive disorder. This as well is shared with the idea of substance abuse. So many…
There is a difference between a “transgender,” “transsexual,” and a “non-gender conforming” individual. A transgender is a person whose self-identity differs from their ascribed status. To clarify, an ascribed status is something that is assigned to a person at birth which cannot be altered such as skin color— in this case— sex; meanwhile, a transsexual is a person who willingly undergoes plastic surgery to actually alter their birth sex. A non-gender conforming person is someone who does not abide from society’s stereotypical views of how they should appear or behave based on what their ascribed status was originally. For example, in society the average female should appear as delicate as a porcelain doll with hair below shoulder length, pastel…
The French-Belgian film (the director was Belgian) Ma Vie En Rose (My Life in Pink) is a story set in France about a family of six (Mom - Hanna, Dad - Pierre, three sons (Ludovic being the youngest, and Daughter) in which the 7 year old son, Ludovic (Ludo for short), has a gender identity disorder. Ludo thinks he's a girl and God mistakenly made him a boy when his second X chromosome didn't go down the chimney. He attempts to correct this mistake by dressing like and acting like a girl. At first, Ludo's parents find his behavior humorous. However, after repeated incidents of girlish behavior - including dressing up like a girl and pretending to marry his best friend, Jerome - his parents start to think there's a serious problem and find a psychologist to help their son. The psychologist is apparently unsuccessful in convincing Ludo that he is meant to be a boy. His continued behavior considerably stresses his parents. They are at times accepting of the way he is and at other times exasperated and livid at him for being so indecisive about his sexuality. But his problems are also affecting his school life (the parents of Ludo's classmates successfully petition the school to expel him) and his social life [his friends make fun of him and call him bent (gay)]. After Pierre (Ludo's father) is mysteriously laid-off (Jerome's father is Pierre's boss), Pierre finds another job. However, this job calls for the family to move from the suburbs of Paris. This move let's Ludo and his family get a fresh start.…
Due to the nature of my ADD clothing became very difficult for me. Some days I couldn’t bare the thought of wearing sock; thus I stayed naked in bed when I should have been at school. Eventually, I moved on from girly clothing to exclusively shopping in the young boy’s department at JcPenny. My mother didn’t seem to mind that both of her daughters wore traditionally boy’s clothing. I liked dressing in boy’s clothes because they were comfortable and they came with cool toys attached to them, (a big selling point for any kid). I think of this experience often when I am asked about being cisgendered. I have always questioned whether I am…
There are many healthy children who are born daily. Unfortunately, there are also some children who are born with disorders, such as Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) or Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS). CAH is a disorder when a child has the inability to produce cortisol and aldosterone, overproduction of testosterone, and possibly end up having both genitals (male and female). AIS is when a person develops female physical traits, but instead of developing a uterus they develop testes. A common result to a situation where the newborn is born with both genitalia is to perform a surgical procedure to make a child fall into the category of a male or female, which is what our society is considered “normal.” To “normalize” this situation, the infants undergo surgery. Although this procedure is very common, I do not think having the intersex surgery at birth is a logical decision for these conditions because it could affect the child physically and mentally…
In 1980 the DSM III was released with a new diagnosis that is still causing controversy today. It was called “Gender Identity Disorder”. When the DSM V was released, one of the changes happened to be the term “Gender Identity Disorder” was now renamed as “Gender Dysphoria”. This sparked a lot of controversy and a lot of conversation.…
Anne Fausto-Sterling’s original article contends that the absolutes of our current two gender classification system fail to recognize the intersex individual. Fausto-Sterling suggest that three additional sexes, Hermaphrodites, Male Pseudo hermaphrodites and Female pseudo hermaphrodites should accompany male and female for a total of five sexes. Acknowledging that “Some find the changes under way deeply disturbing, Others find them liberating”, Fausto-Sterling writes that turning a blind eye is not an option, there are too many people that fall into the categories of herm, merm and ferm. Research provided in the article states that” for every 1,000 children born, 17 are intersexual, or 1.7% of the population…
• Transsexual – The outdated term for people who want to change, or are in the process of changing, their sex via hormone therapy and surgery.…
Over the past few decades, many legal barriers to the modification of sexed bodies have been removed in several countries and regions, which has led to the trend in transgender individuals undergoing surgery or taking hormone replacement therapies (Mackie 2008). Some scholars find that sex reassignment surgery (SRS) will benefit people, while others argue that transgender people are dissatisfied of their SRS, some possible disappointments arise from the experience of immense discrimination from society (Dewey 2008). Recent studies have shown many effects of taking medical treatments regarding changing sex on biological parts of the body (Goh 1995, Kanhai 2000), but such scholars lack investigation on the long term psychological and emotional effect on the transgender person after taking these treatments.…
There are several parties to blame for David Reimer’s lifetime of traumatic experience, however the man involved with the most audacity is Dr. Money. Not only were his methods unethical, the man undoubtedly had an agenda. Dr. Money used an innocent young boy’s sexual reassignment to push his theory of gender neutrality. Based on the glowing reports by Dr. Money, and the opposing remarks by David, it’s obvious David was used as a pawn to further Dr. Money’s career. Not only is the story of David Reimer an example of unethical health professionals, it is also a perfect illustration of nature vs. nurture, proving that biology and genetics play a significant, even vital role in one’s identity. Presently GID clients that undergo sex reassignment surgery must first psychologically prepare by living as the opposite gender for at least two years. Hormone therapy is required because biologically speaking a man and woman’s hormones differ and…
GLOBAL TRANSFER PRICING SERVICES Global Transfer Pricing Review kpmg.com TAX Contents Introduction Regional Insights 7 Country Snapshots 26 Country Overviews 32 GTPS Publications 195 Contact List GTPS_Brochure_Final.indd 1 2 202 15/02/11 7:13 PM 2 | Global Transfer Pricing Review Introduction GTPS_Brochure_Final.indd 2 15/02/11 7:13 PM Introduction | 3 The long term growth in international trade, combined with the challenging global economic environment and growing fiscal deficits has many governments extremely focused on tax base protection. This has heightened government scrutiny of transfer pricing matters, including issues such as attribution of losses, business restructuring, intellectual property migration, financing transactions and others. Given this focus, transfer pricing rules and regulations are rapidly evolving.…