There are two types of aortic valve diseases: regurgitation and stenosis. Aortic regurgitation is a condition in which blood flows backward from a weak or widened aortic valve into the heart’s left ventricle. Aortic Stenosis is a narrowing or blockage of the aortic valve. This happens with the valve leaflets become coated with deposits. Since this is makes the aortic valve smaller, the left ventricle has to work harder in order to get the same amount of blood through the small opening, over time, this extra work can weaken the heart. There are three mitral valve diseases: mitral valve prolapse, mitral regurgitation, and mitral stenosis. Mitral valve prolapse disease is where one or both of the valve flaps (cusps or leaflets) are enlarged and the flaps’ supporting muscles are too long; instead of closing evenly, the one or both of the flaps collapse or bulge into the left atrium. Mitral regurgitation is caused by earlier conditions that have weakened the heart, such as if a person has had a heart attack or had rheumatic fever as a child. Mitral stenosis is a narrowing or blockage of the mitral valve, the narrowed valve causes blood to back-up into the heart’s upper-left chamber instead of flowing into the lower-left chamber. Atrial septal defect, also known as ASD, is a “hole” in the wall that separates the top two chambers of the heart. Ventricular septal defect (VSD), is the opposite of ASD, it is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart. Tetralogy of fallot is a combination of four different problems: a hold between the lower chambers of the heart, the muscle surrounding the lower right chamber becomes overly thickened, an obstruction from the heart to the lungs, and when the aorta is over the hole in the lower chambers. These are a few of the heart conditions that a cardiothoracic surgeon…