Type 1 Diabetes: The Role Of The Endocrine System
The Role of the Endocrine System
Insulin, a hormone buried by the pancreas, controls blood sugar levels in the body. It travels from the pancreas to the liver in the bloodstream. Other responses are controlled by hormones; the response is slower but longer lasting than if it had been controlled by the nervous system. Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes is an auto-immune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin and require a lifetime of insulin injections for survival. The disease can occur at any age, although it mostly occurs in children and young adults. Type 1 diabetes can also be called ‘juvenile onset diabetes’ or ‘insulin dependent …show more content…
diabetes’
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes is connected to genetic factors and lifestyle risk factors including poor diet, not enough physical activity and being overweight or obese. Type 2 diabetes occurs mostly in people aged over 40 years old; however, the disease is gradually becoming common in younger age groups.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes happens during pregnancy. The condition usually goes once the baby is born; however, a record of gestational diabetes increases a woman’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
What happens when we have Diabetes and how can we overcome it?
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of early death between people with diabetes. Adults with diabetes are two to four times more likely than people without diabetes to die of heart disease or have a stroke. About 70% of people with diabetes have high blood pressure, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
You can prevent most of these problems by keeping your blood glucose under control, eating healthy, being physical active, working with your health care provider to keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control, and getting necessary screening tests.
What happens if someone with Diabetes is not treated?
One dangerous short-term complication is diabetic ketoacidosis, a fast succeeding condition. Low insulin levels cause sugar to build up in the blood. The body breaks down fat for fuel, resulting in an increase of side-effects called ketones and lowering the blood pH. Classic signs and symptoms of DKA are breathing that sounds like sighs, confusion, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness and dehydration. Trauma, stress and infections raise the risk for DKA. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is another dangerous complication of untreated diabetes. Important signs and symptoms include weakness, leg cramps, visual problems, low-grade fever, abdominal bloating and dehydration. HHS is most common in older adults with type 2 diabetes. The condition develops with profoundly high blood sugar levels. Both DKA and HHS are life-threatening medical emergencies.
Hormones Involved in Controlling different Stages of the Menstrual Cycle and the Roles
Several hormones control this cycle, which includes controlling the release of an egg each month from an ovary, and changing the thickness of the uterus lining. These hormones are unseen by the ovaries and pituitary gland.
FSH
The hormone FSH is unseen by the pituitary gland. FSH makes two things happen:
1. it causes an egg to mature in an ovary
2. it stimulates the ovaries to release the hormone oestrogen
Oestrogen
The hormone oestrogen is unseen by the ovaries. Oestrogen makes two things happen:
1. it stops FSH being produced - so that only one egg matures in a cycle
2. it stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormone LH
LH
The hormone LH causes the mature egg to be released from the ovary.
This image shows how the level of oestrogen changes during the menstrual cycle.
Progesterone is another hormone unseen by ovaries: it maintains the lining of the uterus and stays high during pregnancy.
What happens during the different stages of the Menstrual Cycle?
Menstruation
Menstruation is the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus from the body through the vagina. Menstrual fluid contains blood, cells from the lining of the uterus and mucus.
Follicular phase
The follicular phase starts on the first day of menstruation and ends with ovulation. The pituitary gland produces a hormone that stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow. One of these egg cells begins to mature in a sac-like-structure called follicle. It takes 13 days for the egg cell to reach maturity. While the egg cell matures, its follicle produces a hormone that stimulates the uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue called endometrial.
Ovulation
On the 14th day of the cycle, the pituitary gland produces a hormone that causes the ovary to release the matured egg cell. The released egg cell is swept into the fallopian tube by the cilia of the fimbriae. Fimbriae are finger like projections located at the end of the fallopian tube close to the ovaries and cilia are slender hair like projections on each Fimbria.
Lacteal
phase
This phase begins on the 15th day and lasts till the end of the cycle. The egg cell released during the ovulation phase stays in the fallopian tube for 24 hours. If a sperm cell does not saturate the egg cell within that time, the egg cell falls apart. The hormone that causes the uterus to retain its endometrial gets used up by the end of the menstrual cycle. This causes the menstrual phase of the next cycle to begin.
Insulin, a hormone buried by the pancreas, controls blood sugar levels in the body. It travels from the pancreas to the liver in the bloodstream. Other responses are controlled by hormones; the response is slower but longer lasting than if it had been controlled by the nervous system. Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes is an auto-immune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin and require a lifetime of insulin injections for survival. The disease can occur at any age, although it mostly occurs in children and young adults. Type 1 diabetes can also be called ‘juvenile onset diabetes’ or ‘insulin dependent …show more content…
diabetes’
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes is connected to genetic factors and lifestyle risk factors including poor diet, not enough physical activity and being overweight or obese. Type 2 diabetes occurs mostly in people aged over 40 years old; however, the disease is gradually becoming common in younger age groups.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes happens during pregnancy. The condition usually goes once the baby is born; however, a record of gestational diabetes increases a woman’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
What happens when we have Diabetes and how can we overcome it?
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of early death between people with diabetes. Adults with diabetes are two to four times more likely than people without diabetes to die of heart disease or have a stroke. About 70% of people with diabetes have high blood pressure, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
You can prevent most of these problems by keeping your blood glucose under control, eating healthy, being physical active, working with your health care provider to keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control, and getting necessary screening tests.
What happens if someone with Diabetes is not treated?
One dangerous short-term complication is diabetic ketoacidosis, a fast succeeding condition. Low insulin levels cause sugar to build up in the blood. The body breaks down fat for fuel, resulting in an increase of side-effects called ketones and lowering the blood pH. Classic signs and symptoms of DKA are breathing that sounds like sighs, confusion, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness and dehydration. Trauma, stress and infections raise the risk for DKA. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is another dangerous complication of untreated diabetes. Important signs and symptoms include weakness, leg cramps, visual problems, low-grade fever, abdominal bloating and dehydration. HHS is most common in older adults with type 2 diabetes. The condition develops with profoundly high blood sugar levels. Both DKA and HHS are life-threatening medical emergencies.
Hormones Involved in Controlling different Stages of the Menstrual Cycle and the Roles
Several hormones control this cycle, which includes controlling the release of an egg each month from an ovary, and changing the thickness of the uterus lining. These hormones are unseen by the ovaries and pituitary gland.
FSH
The hormone FSH is unseen by the pituitary gland. FSH makes two things happen:
1. it causes an egg to mature in an ovary
2. it stimulates the ovaries to release the hormone oestrogen
Oestrogen
The hormone oestrogen is unseen by the ovaries. Oestrogen makes two things happen:
1. it stops FSH being produced - so that only one egg matures in a cycle
2. it stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormone LH
LH
The hormone LH causes the mature egg to be released from the ovary.
This image shows how the level of oestrogen changes during the menstrual cycle.
Progesterone is another hormone unseen by ovaries: it maintains the lining of the uterus and stays high during pregnancy.
What happens during the different stages of the Menstrual Cycle?
Menstruation
Menstruation is the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus from the body through the vagina. Menstrual fluid contains blood, cells from the lining of the uterus and mucus.
Follicular phase
The follicular phase starts on the first day of menstruation and ends with ovulation. The pituitary gland produces a hormone that stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow. One of these egg cells begins to mature in a sac-like-structure called follicle. It takes 13 days for the egg cell to reach maturity. While the egg cell matures, its follicle produces a hormone that stimulates the uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue called endometrial.
Ovulation
On the 14th day of the cycle, the pituitary gland produces a hormone that causes the ovary to release the matured egg cell. The released egg cell is swept into the fallopian tube by the cilia of the fimbriae. Fimbriae are finger like projections located at the end of the fallopian tube close to the ovaries and cilia are slender hair like projections on each Fimbria.
Lacteal
phase
This phase begins on the 15th day and lasts till the end of the cycle. The egg cell released during the ovulation phase stays in the fallopian tube for 24 hours. If a sperm cell does not saturate the egg cell within that time, the egg cell falls apart. The hormone that causes the uterus to retain its endometrial gets used up by the end of the menstrual cycle. This causes the menstrual phase of the next cycle to begin.