Type 2 Diabetes Research Paper
Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes
Yvonne Gill
Com/156
November 30, 2012
John Likides
Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes
There have been studies on the risk of type 2 diabetes and how the risk of getting type 2 diabetes can be successfully reduced by changing lifestyle habits (Tuomilehto et al, 2001). The most favorable dietary option for persons with diabetes has long been a subject of debate. Nutritionists have been trying to find a healthy eating plan that works for people with type 2 diabetes to use to lose weight. The one thing that they have come to agree about is that no one diet that works best for all diabetics. There have been numerous diet plans tried with only short term results; among those tried were low carbohydrate/high …show more content…
protein, low fat, vegan and several of the fad diets. What they discovered was that in the case of diabetics there is no one diet that fits every lifestyle; each person has to have a custom plan designed just for them. Some people have tried multiple diets and found little to no difference in weight loss. Other have tried these diets and found that preference of one over the others has helped them stick to the diet and be successful in weight loss. The three most popular diet plans are low carbohydrate, vegan, and low fat diets. There have been many studies conducted on diabetics using these plans and their effectiveness.
Low-carbohydrate Diets
A low carbohydrate diet is a nutrition method that limits the intake of carbohydrates, such as- pasta, bread, potatoes and rice.
This diet method is usually used to lose weight and reduce certain health risk such as heart attack, some cancers and type 2 diabetes. “Low carbohydrate diets have been called a variety of names, including ketogenic diets, high protein diets and high fat diets” (Volek &Westman, 2002; Adam-Perrot et al., 2006). Studies have not proven low-carbohydrate dies to be better or worse than low-fat diets, however, according to Davis (2009) the only difference was a greater boost in HDL cholesterol seen in patients following the low-carb diet (p.1147). Better cholesterol numbers help keep you heart healthy by controlling and slowing down the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Many people try the low carbohydrate diet because it is designed to limit both energy intake and available glucose, which can result in an increased fat oxidation to supply the energy needed to aid weight loss (Adam-Perrot et al, 2006). The majority of studies in people with type 2diabetes have included subjects taking a variety of glucose-lowering therapies, including metformin, thiazoladinediones, sulphonylurea and …show more content…
insulin.
The studies that report changes in medication as a result of adopting a reduced carbohydrate diet have recorded either reduction or discontinuation of this medication (Gutierrez et al., 1998; Bodenet al., 2005; Yancy et al., 2005; Nielsen & Jonsson, 2006).
Weight loss and no medication are the top priorities of people with type 2
diabetes.
Low-fat Diets
One of the first things that people think about when trying to lose weight is reducing their fat intake. This is also the same for diabetics. There are many products and diet programs that cater to the low fat diet. Fat gets lots of the attention for many good reasons. Fat can raise cholesterol levels in the blood, increasing a person 's risk for heart disease. A low fat diet is the opposite of a low-carb diet. With a low fat diet your carbohydrate intake is not monitored. In a low-fat diet the emphasis is maintaining a diet limited in fat and stressing the consumption of food higher in carbohydrates. According to American Dietetic Associate (2003) fat has twice as many calories per gram; fat has nine grams of calories whereas carbohydrates and proteins are only four calories per gram. The benefits of this diet, especially for a person battling type 2 diabetes, is the high amounts of fiber and water which keeps you full longer. This can promote the weight loss needed for that person who has type 2 diabetes. As stated previously, there is not much of a difference in the effects of a low-fat diet than a low-carb diet. In a study of 105 subjects, diabetic adults with a BMI of 25 or higher and an A1C of 6% to 11% were assigned to either a low-carb or a low fat diet. In this particular study the cumulative weight loss for a year was 3.4% for both of the dietary groups. People who participated in the low-carb group lost a mean of 1.7 kg a month for the first three months then gained a mean of 0.23 kg. a month during months three-twelve (Davis et al, 2009). The weight loss results of a diet vary based on the person and the plan they choose. In order for a diet to work an individual has to pick on that works for them that they can stick with for the long haul.
Vegetarian or Vegan Diets
Another popular dietary method used by individuals that have type 2 diabetes is the vegan diet. Low-fat vegetarian and vegan diets are associated with weight loss, increased insulin sensitivity, and improved cardiovascular health (Barnard, 2009). Although vegan diets are shown to improve weight management for diabetics, little is known about the nutritional benefits of this form of diet and the quality life it will provide for individuals with type 2 diabetes who chose to adopt a vegan dietary lifestyle (Turner, 2008). A vegan diet consists of not eating any meat or animal products. This includes milk, cheese, eggs, and other foods that come from or processed with animal products. Some feel that the vegetarian and vegan lifestyles, if followed before diabetes occurs, helps reduce chances of contracting type 2 diabetes later in life. The key to a sound vegan diet is variety. A healthy diet includes fruits, vegetables, leafy greens, whole grains, nuts, seeds and legumes. It is also used as a health management method for those who already have been diagnosed with the disease. The vegan diet includes a variety of plant-based foods. Eating soy products and a mix of vegetables, fruits, beans, and whole grains provides plenty of protein and other important nutrients. The main nutrient of concern for this group is vitamin B12, so taking a supplement or multi-vitamin is usually necessary. Low-fat vegan diets have been said to improve glycemic control more than the usual recommended diabetes diets (Barnard et. Al., 2009). According to Barnard (2009), “vegetarian and vegan diets also improve plasma lipid concentrations and have been shown to reverse atherosclerosis progression (p. 255). This helps control the risk of heart attack, stroke, and high blood pressure which individuals with type 2 diabetes are prone to develop. Vegan diet is not a diet for everyone. There are a large variety of foods that people will not be able to eat. There is also a question of vitamin deficiency for those who do not take multivitamins.
Weight loss is one of the most important goals for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Another important goal is the management of weight after losing the necessary amount of weight in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle and keep the risk of other alignments to a minimum. There are many conflicting strategies for losing weight that work differently for different people. Finding a healthy eating regime that will help a type 2 diabetic lose weight depends on the person and could vary. There are methods available in all of the diets that can help promote a nutritional lifestyle that they will be able to stick with for life. Low-carb, low-fat and vegan diets all have points that can be used to build an eating program that will help diabetics lose weight and still have food they are familiar with in their daily diet. One plan does not fit all; each person needs to have an eating plan customized just for them. Weight loss is a process that takes time. Most people need to experiment with multiple diets before finding one that fits their lifestyle. The only way an overweight person will lose weight is to have a plan they will stick with, including foods they like and are use to eating. If they are not satisfied with their diet, then the regime will not work.
References
American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: low fat diets. J Am Diet Assoc2003;103:748–65
Barnard, ND., Cohen, J., Jenkins, DJA., Turner-McGrievy, G., Gloede, Amber Green, and Ferdowsian , H. (2009). A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. 29:1777–1783
David, NJ, Tomuta N, Schechter C, et al. Comparative Study of the effects of a 1-year dietary intervention of a low-carbohydrate diet versus a low-fat diet on weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1147-1152.
Davis, N., Forbes, B., Wylie-Rosett, J. Nutritional Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes. Mount Sina Journal of Medicine 76: 257-258, 2009
Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG et al (2001) Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344:1343–1350
Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, Gloede L, Green A. (2008). Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Journal of the American Dietetic Association.108(10):1636-1645
Volek, J.S. & Westman, E.C. (2002) Very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets re
Yvonne Gill
Com/156
November 30, 2012
John Likides
Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes
There have been studies on the risk of type 2 diabetes and how the risk of getting type 2 diabetes can be successfully reduced by changing lifestyle habits (Tuomilehto et al, 2001). The most favorable dietary option for persons with diabetes has long been a subject of debate. Nutritionists have been trying to find a healthy eating plan that works for people with type 2 diabetes to use to lose weight. The one thing that they have come to agree about is that no one diet that works best for all diabetics. There have been numerous diet plans tried with only short term results; among those tried were low carbohydrate/high …show more content…
protein, low fat, vegan and several of the fad diets. What they discovered was that in the case of diabetics there is no one diet that fits every lifestyle; each person has to have a custom plan designed just for them. Some people have tried multiple diets and found little to no difference in weight loss. Other have tried these diets and found that preference of one over the others has helped them stick to the diet and be successful in weight loss. The three most popular diet plans are low carbohydrate, vegan, and low fat diets. There have been many studies conducted on diabetics using these plans and their effectiveness.
Low-carbohydrate Diets
A low carbohydrate diet is a nutrition method that limits the intake of carbohydrates, such as- pasta, bread, potatoes and rice.
This diet method is usually used to lose weight and reduce certain health risk such as heart attack, some cancers and type 2 diabetes. “Low carbohydrate diets have been called a variety of names, including ketogenic diets, high protein diets and high fat diets” (Volek &Westman, 2002; Adam-Perrot et al., 2006). Studies have not proven low-carbohydrate dies to be better or worse than low-fat diets, however, according to Davis (2009) the only difference was a greater boost in HDL cholesterol seen in patients following the low-carb diet (p.1147). Better cholesterol numbers help keep you heart healthy by controlling and slowing down the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Many people try the low carbohydrate diet because it is designed to limit both energy intake and available glucose, which can result in an increased fat oxidation to supply the energy needed to aid weight loss (Adam-Perrot et al, 2006). The majority of studies in people with type 2diabetes have included subjects taking a variety of glucose-lowering therapies, including metformin, thiazoladinediones, sulphonylurea and …show more content…
insulin.
The studies that report changes in medication as a result of adopting a reduced carbohydrate diet have recorded either reduction or discontinuation of this medication (Gutierrez et al., 1998; Bodenet al., 2005; Yancy et al., 2005; Nielsen & Jonsson, 2006).
Weight loss and no medication are the top priorities of people with type 2
diabetes.
Low-fat Diets
One of the first things that people think about when trying to lose weight is reducing their fat intake. This is also the same for diabetics. There are many products and diet programs that cater to the low fat diet. Fat gets lots of the attention for many good reasons. Fat can raise cholesterol levels in the blood, increasing a person 's risk for heart disease. A low fat diet is the opposite of a low-carb diet. With a low fat diet your carbohydrate intake is not monitored. In a low-fat diet the emphasis is maintaining a diet limited in fat and stressing the consumption of food higher in carbohydrates. According to American Dietetic Associate (2003) fat has twice as many calories per gram; fat has nine grams of calories whereas carbohydrates and proteins are only four calories per gram. The benefits of this diet, especially for a person battling type 2 diabetes, is the high amounts of fiber and water which keeps you full longer. This can promote the weight loss needed for that person who has type 2 diabetes. As stated previously, there is not much of a difference in the effects of a low-fat diet than a low-carb diet. In a study of 105 subjects, diabetic adults with a BMI of 25 or higher and an A1C of 6% to 11% were assigned to either a low-carb or a low fat diet. In this particular study the cumulative weight loss for a year was 3.4% for both of the dietary groups. People who participated in the low-carb group lost a mean of 1.7 kg a month for the first three months then gained a mean of 0.23 kg. a month during months three-twelve (Davis et al, 2009). The weight loss results of a diet vary based on the person and the plan they choose. In order for a diet to work an individual has to pick on that works for them that they can stick with for the long haul.
Vegetarian or Vegan Diets
Another popular dietary method used by individuals that have type 2 diabetes is the vegan diet. Low-fat vegetarian and vegan diets are associated with weight loss, increased insulin sensitivity, and improved cardiovascular health (Barnard, 2009). Although vegan diets are shown to improve weight management for diabetics, little is known about the nutritional benefits of this form of diet and the quality life it will provide for individuals with type 2 diabetes who chose to adopt a vegan dietary lifestyle (Turner, 2008). A vegan diet consists of not eating any meat or animal products. This includes milk, cheese, eggs, and other foods that come from or processed with animal products. Some feel that the vegetarian and vegan lifestyles, if followed before diabetes occurs, helps reduce chances of contracting type 2 diabetes later in life. The key to a sound vegan diet is variety. A healthy diet includes fruits, vegetables, leafy greens, whole grains, nuts, seeds and legumes. It is also used as a health management method for those who already have been diagnosed with the disease. The vegan diet includes a variety of plant-based foods. Eating soy products and a mix of vegetables, fruits, beans, and whole grains provides plenty of protein and other important nutrients. The main nutrient of concern for this group is vitamin B12, so taking a supplement or multi-vitamin is usually necessary. Low-fat vegan diets have been said to improve glycemic control more than the usual recommended diabetes diets (Barnard et. Al., 2009). According to Barnard (2009), “vegetarian and vegan diets also improve plasma lipid concentrations and have been shown to reverse atherosclerosis progression (p. 255). This helps control the risk of heart attack, stroke, and high blood pressure which individuals with type 2 diabetes are prone to develop. Vegan diet is not a diet for everyone. There are a large variety of foods that people will not be able to eat. There is also a question of vitamin deficiency for those who do not take multivitamins.
Weight loss is one of the most important goals for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Another important goal is the management of weight after losing the necessary amount of weight in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle and keep the risk of other alignments to a minimum. There are many conflicting strategies for losing weight that work differently for different people. Finding a healthy eating regime that will help a type 2 diabetic lose weight depends on the person and could vary. There are methods available in all of the diets that can help promote a nutritional lifestyle that they will be able to stick with for life. Low-carb, low-fat and vegan diets all have points that can be used to build an eating program that will help diabetics lose weight and still have food they are familiar with in their daily diet. One plan does not fit all; each person needs to have an eating plan customized just for them. Weight loss is a process that takes time. Most people need to experiment with multiple diets before finding one that fits their lifestyle. The only way an overweight person will lose weight is to have a plan they will stick with, including foods they like and are use to eating. If they are not satisfied with their diet, then the regime will not work.
References
American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: low fat diets. J Am Diet Assoc2003;103:748–65
Barnard, ND., Cohen, J., Jenkins, DJA., Turner-McGrievy, G., Gloede, Amber Green, and Ferdowsian , H. (2009). A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. 29:1777–1783
David, NJ, Tomuta N, Schechter C, et al. Comparative Study of the effects of a 1-year dietary intervention of a low-carbohydrate diet versus a low-fat diet on weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1147-1152.
Davis, N., Forbes, B., Wylie-Rosett, J. Nutritional Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes. Mount Sina Journal of Medicine 76: 257-258, 2009
Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG et al (2001) Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344:1343–1350
Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, Gloede L, Green A. (2008). Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Journal of the American Dietetic Association.108(10):1636-1645
Volek, J.S. & Westman, E.C. (2002) Very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets re