Unit 8 Exercise 1 Study Guide

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Instructions: Answer the following questions completely to receive full credit. This assignment is to be computer generated. NO EXCPETIONS!!! Provide a cover page (all pertinent information) for ALL assignments. Make sure to CHECK SPELLING for ALL assignments. NO LATE ASSIGNMENTS WILL BE ACCEPTED. This worksheet is worth 54 points. 1. Differentiate between the afferent and the efferent arterioles. (2 points)  Blood supply to the glomerulus o afferent arteriole  feed the glomerular capillary bed o efferent arteriole  drains the glomerular capillary bed 2. Provide a two-word description each for the renal corpuscle and renal tubules. (2 points)  renal corpuscle o glomerulus & glomerular together  renal tubules o reabsorption & secretion 3. What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you decrease the radius of
the afferent arteriole? Explain!!! (2 points)  It decreases because there is less of an opening to get into. 4. What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you increase the radius of the afferent arteriole? Explain!!! (2 points)  It increases because the opening is bigger allowing more fluid to pass. 5. What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you decrease the radius of the efferent arteriole? Explain!!! (2 points)  If decreased, then Glomerular Filtration Rate would increase because it allows more time for the fluid to be passed through. 6. The sympathetic nervous system decreases urine production. Logically, what do you think the sympathetic nerves do to the afferent arteriole? Explain!!! (2 points)  Sympathetic nerves innervate the afferent arteriole, causing smooth muscle contraction. This way there will be less urine production by closing off the afferent arteriole. 7. How is this effect (question #6) beneficial? Could this effect pose a potential problem if this condition continues? Explain!!! (3 points)  It beneficial because it allows the body to concentrate on a threat that could be going on, hence the fight or flight. If this continues I would think the toxic build up in the body would be harmful. 8. What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if there is an increase in systemic blood pressure (left source beaker in experiment)? Explain!!! (2 points)  It increases because more pressure allows the Glomerulus to push out more filtrate. 9. Predict what will happen to the filtrate pressure in Bowman’s capsule and filtration rate if you close the one-way valve between the collecting ducts and the urinary bladder? Explain!!! (3 points) 2

 The pressure would build up and the ducts would brust or break. 10. Based on ALL the results from these laboratory activities, what should be the effect of blood pressure on glomerular filtration and pressure? Explain!!! (2 points)  Increasing blood pressure supplying the Glomerulus will increase glomerular filtration rate in the kidney. They are proportional. 11. Chronic high blood pressure and kidney disease is becoming a frequent problem in western society. Using ALL the knowledge from these activities, explain this health problem. (4 points)  Blood pressure measures the force of blood against the walls of the blood vessels. Extra fluid in the body increases the amount of fluid in blood vessels and makes blood pressure higher. The extra fluid is probably caused by retention of water because of sodium intake. High blood pressure makes the heart work harder and, over time, can damage blood vessels throughout the body. If the blood vessels in the kidneys are damaged, they may stop removing wastes and extra fluid from the body. The extra fluid in the blood vessels may then raise blood pressure even more. It's a dangerous cycle. 12. Briefly explain what will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate if both the afferent and efferent arteriole radius is decreased? Explain!!! (3 points)  The simultaneously implementation of both arteriole rates changing caused glomerular filtration rate and low blood pressure conditions went above the baseline value. 13. How could an increased urine volume be viewed as beneficial to the body? (2 points)  It removes toxins from the body. 14. Diuretics are often prescribed to patients with chronic high blood pressure. Why? (2 points)  For high blood pressure, diuretics, commonly known as "water pills," help your body get rid of unneeded water and salt through the urine. Getting rid of excess salt and fluid helps lower blood pressure and can make it easier for your heart to pump.

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What will happen to the urine volume and concentration as the solute gradient (concentration) in the interstitial space is increased? Explain!!! (3 points)  It increases because ADH causes water to move out of urine and the more solute there is the more concentrated the urine. 16. Speculate on ways that desert rats are able to concentrate their urine significantly more than humans? (Think: Hormones) (2 points)  They probably produce more ADH to get all the water possible from the urine as there is not a lot of water in the desert. 17. What would be a reasonable mechanism for diuretics? (2 points)  They act by diminishing sodium reabsorption at different sites in the nephron, thereby increasing urinary sodium and water loss. 18. What will happen to the glucose concentration in the urinary bladder as glucose carriers are added to the proximal tubule? Explain!!! (2 points)  Glucose concentration in the urine decreased because the carriers were able to get the glucose across. 19. Predict what will happen to the urine volume (compared to normal) when aldosterone is added to the distal tubule. Explain!!! (2 points)
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Urine volume decreases because sodium and water are retained, and potassium concentration increases because it is kicked out. Predict what will happen to the urine volume (compare to normal) when ADH is added to the collecting duct. Explain!!! (2 points) Urine concentration increases, and urine volume decreases because it causes the body to absorb water from the urine. Predict what will happen to the urine volume and the urine concentration (compared to normal) in the presence of both aldosterone and ADH. Explain!!! (2 points) They both have similar effects, they are agonist so adding both will decrease urine volume, and increase urine concentration. ADH increases water permeability and aldosteron reabsorbs sodium ions and water but loses potassium ions. Why does alcohol consumption lead to a dramatic increase in urine production? (2 points) Because the proximal tubule reabsorbs more water which accounts for increase urine production. Why do angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors given to people with hypertension lead to increased urine production. (Hint: think what ACE is doing and its effects on arterioles) (4 points) ACE inhibitors dilate blood vessels and increase the amount of water your kidneys get rid of, lowering blood pressure.

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