unit1
UNIT 1
I. Read text 1 “Doctor in the House” by Richard Gordon and practice the pronunciation of the words and phrases to anticipate phonetic mistakes.
Do exercises 1-3, 2. p.17-18.
II. Study Speech Patterns and Word Combinations of Lesson 2 and do the exercises 5-13, p.17-20.
III. Read Text 1 “Doctor in the House” by Richard Gordon, translate it and go behind its linguistic value. Do exercises 14-18 p.20-22.
IV. Run over the essential vocabulary and do exercises 1-12 p. 23-27.
Types of Students
Read the thoughts of examinees before the exam. Say what type of, student-examinees they belong to.
1. I agree that an examination is nothing more than an investigation of a man's knowledge. You should be well-prepared for it. If you make every effort to be successful, you will win. So, learn all the rules, all the necessary information on the subject you are going to be examined.
2. It doesn't matter if I receive an "A" or an "F". There are a lot of other gripping pastimes beside swotting up and taking exams. Why not go on holiday to Florida or some island in Oceania. Life is full of compensations. No anxiety, no fuss, no worry and everything will be all right.
3. It is not what you know that matters, it's the way you look. For instance, I don't want others to laugh their heads off looking at me. My advice is to be in a proper time at a proper place wearing the proper clothes.
4. I know the way they will mark and grade the papers. The don totters back from hall and chucks me papers down the staircase. The ones that stick on the top flight are given firsts, most of them end up on the landing and get seconds, thirds go to the lower flight, and any reaching the ground floor are failed. This system works admirably for years without arousing any comment.
5. Parliament is made up of two Chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Each autumn the monarch goes to Westminster for the State Opening of Parliament. Where is the examiner? Is he strict? I forgot so many things. The monarch represents the people as the head of State. Oh, he is so ugly and old with long moustache and wrinkled face. I am done. What shall I do?
KEYS TO COLLEGE SUCCESS
1. IN THE CLASSROOM
Taking notes. Lecture notes:
1) Sit near the front of the class to avoid distractions.
2) Be a good listener.
3) If there is something you don’t understand ASK.
4) Immediately after a lecture, without looking at your notes try to recall on a separate paper as much as you can what you have heard & learned. Then review tour actual lecture notes to confirm and / or supplement your memory.
5) During your next study session quickly recall on paper what you learned. Then review & recognize your lecture notes in your own words.
6) Repeat the recall process several times over several days to commit the new information to memory.
Dealing with professors and tough classes:
Go see your professors during their posted office hours. They have to sit there whether you show up or not so take advantage of the opportunity.
Talk to other students to find out the real scoop, which professor to avoid.
Don’t be afraid to ask other students & professors for copies of old exams.
Make sure your professor knows your name.
Problems with faculty should be handled honestly & calmly.
WHAT IRRITATES PROFESSORS & INSTRUCTORS:
1.Sleeping in class.
2.Not going to class.
3.Brown nosing.
4.Lack of responsibility.
5.excuses.
2. STUDY STRATEGIES
Time management:
Learn to say no.
1) Saying no to partying, movies, etc. does not make you a terrible person.
DON’T STUDY MORE THAN 2 HOURS AT A TIME.
USE TRAVEL TIME TO STUDY. Pop a study or lecture tape into your car’s cassette player; put on those earphones if you ride the train or car pool.
USE TWO SCHEDULES
1) Create an hour-by-hour weekly schedule.
2) Create a semester schedule showing midterms, finals, due dates & other important events.
USE THE 30-3-2 SCHEDULE
1) Study for 30 min.
2) Take a 3 min. break.
3) Upon returning, take an extra 2 min. to mentally review what you have just read.
Study. Study. Study:
STUDYING WITH SMOOTHING MUSIC in the background can enhance your concentration.
Floral scented candles & mixed floral potpourri facilitate learning.
Studying in a soft chair or on a cushy bed may not be a good strategy.
Active learning may require walking around the room or sitting on the edge of the chair.
Wake up your body. Wake up your mind.
STUDY SPACE: Your regular study space should be as quiet & comfortable as possible & large enough to have easy access to everything you need to studying.
3. BRAIN POWER
Can you remember?
MEMORIZE FROM CENTRAL TO SPECIFIC. Study the big picture & then learn the details.
CRAMMING DOES NOT WORK. Cramming for an exam only commits the information to your short-term memory.
KEYS TO REMEMBERING
1) Be interested. Establish a need to remember.
2) Visualize. Picture in your mind what you need to remember.
3) Relate. Relate & form associations between the new ideas & information you wish to remember & information, ideas, persons, things that you already know.
4) Repeat. Repeat difficult information 7 times a day for 7 days.
Critical thinking skills:
DON’T BELIEVE EVERYTHING YOU SEE, READ OR HEARD.
CRITICAL THINKING IS IMPORTANT.
4. EXAM STRATEGIES
Preparation:
1. Learn the exam format.
2. Review course outline, notes.
3. Review previous tests.
4. Summarize highlights on single sheet.
Objective exams:
1. ALWAYS READ & FOLLOW DIRECTIONS.
2. Determine the exam’s scoring rules & use them.
3. ANSWER EASY QUESTIONS FIRST.
4. MARK DIFFICULT QUESTIONS & RETURN TO THEM LATER.
5. TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS: pick out key words or group of words on which the truth or falsity of a statement hinges; if any clause in a statement is false, the statement is false.
6. Multiply- choice questions: multiply-choice questions are essentially true-false questions arranged in groups; usually one alternative is totally correct; eliminate obvious false choices; of the remainder pick the alternative that answers most fully all aspects of the questions.
Essential exams:
1. PLAN YOUR TIME.
2. Read through entire examination first
3. FOLLOW DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY
4. Pay attention to the key words in the questions
5. Answer the questions directly & concisely
6. Print if your cursive writing is very hard to read
5. THEMES AND REPORTS
Reducing writing anxiety:
Get a calendar or an academic planner
Be sure to know exactly what your instructor expects
Library tips
Don’t wait until your first research paper to scope out the campus library.
1. Many libraries offer tours far freshmen.
2. Find out what resources the library has & what deficiencies or limitations the library has as well.
3. Use the Reader’ Guide to Periodical literature for magazine articles.
4. Talk to other students, especially those browsing shelves or studying in the same area as you are.
6.READING SKILLS
Skimming & scanning
When to use
1.To quickly determine main idea
2.To locate fast quickly
3.to answer chapter questions
How to use
1.Fix intent for reading clearly in your mind
2.Scan table of contests chapter headings & subheadings
3.Quickly move eyes over reading mental-focusing upon page headings & subheadings, discarding information that is obviously not related to reading intent.
4.Skimming reading rates should be twice as fast as average reading speed.
5.Selectively omit portions of reading material.
6.Read carefully the last paragraph for summary information.
7.Carefully review tables, charts & any side boxes.
The SQ3R+Reading method
SURVEY
1.Preview the assignment to be studied by scanning the text quickly to discover the author’s central concept.
2.From your preview formulate an overall picture 7 the purpose of what you’re going to study.
QUESTION: write questions what you need to learn in terms of : what, how, why to support the central concept.
READ: read specifically to answer the questions.
RECALL: pause periodically to recall in your own words a summary of what you have read.
REVIEW: reread difficult parts, work a few more problems.
7.MONNEY MATTERS
Dorms – do’s & don’ts
CLEARN UP AFTER YOURSELF.
MANY SCHOOLS OFFER “SPECIALITY FLOORS”. Reserve your room early & be honest about special request.
1.Quiet study floors.
2.Upperclassmen floors.
3.Health & wellness floors.
4.Chemically sensitive floors.
5.Multicultural floors.
GET INVOLVED IN RESIDENT LIFE. Almost every school sponsors some type of residence hall & community activities.
LOCK YOUR DOORS – even if you are in the room. Better save than sorry.
IF YOUR SCHOOL ALLOWS COOKING IN THE ROOM:
1.Check to see which appliances are permitted for dorm use (Dorm size refrigerator).
2.Never leave your food unattended.
3.Store leftovers quickly & properly.
4.Take out the trash every day.
5.Remember, some schools do provide community cooking facilities, but you may need to clean the area before & after the cooking.
Finding a job:
It’s never too early to contact your school’s Career Development Center.
STUDENT EMPLOYMENT OFFICES usually list more than one thousand part-time jobs for students.
ALWAYS GO TO AN INTERVIEW LOOKING PROFESSIONAL.
The local federal job service is also an excellent source of employment.
DON’T CHEW GUM AT AN INTERVIEW.
DON’T BE DISCOURAGED if your fist job is not in your major field.
ALWAYS BE ON TIME FOR APPOINTMENTS.
BE SURE TO FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS.
Dealing with diversity:
Realize that every college & university has its own culture, which includes language, traditions & taboos.
THERE ARE 5 STEPS TO CULTURE SHOCK.
1. Fascination with the new environment.
2. Severe homesickness.
3. Find fault with new surroundings; build stereotypes.
4. Find humor in your adjustment.
5. Embrace the new culture; you will miss it when you go.
IN ORDER TO BECOME MORE COMFORTABLE with the college or university environment:
1.Learn the jargon of higher education.
2.Realize your own preconception & perceptions.
3.Actively try to make friends.
4.Look for common ground.
5.Look for individuals not for stereotypes.
ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1.Continue the sentences.
1) Immediately after a lecture, without looking at your notes try…
2) During your next study session quickly recall on paper…
3) …irritate professors & instructors.
4) Don’t study for more than … hours at a time.
5) Use two schedules: 1. create…, 2.create…
6) Your regular study space should be…
7) I’ve known a lot of ways how to find a job…
8) There are 5 steps to culture shock…
9) In order to become more comfortable…
Exercise 2.Answer the questions:
1) In what way have you to write down lectures?
2) What should you do to make friends with professors?
3) How have you to plan your work?
4) What keys of remembering do you know?
5) How do the critical thinking skills help you?
6) What rules of exams’ preparation do you know?
7) What is the difference between the rules of preparation to the objective & essay exams?
8) What is the SQ3R reading method?
9) What traditions, taboos & language do you know?
Exercise 3.Do the cards. Tell everything you know about…
LECTURE NOTES
DEALING WITH PROFESSORS AND TOUGH CLASSES
TIME MANAGEMENT
STUDY STRATEGIES
BRAIN POWER
EXAM STRATEGIES
OBJECTIVE EXAMS
ESSAY EXAMS
THEMES & REPORTS
ESSENTIAL EXAMS
FINDING A JOB
READING SKILLS
DEALING WITH DIVERSITY
DORMS – DO’S AND DON’TS
THE SCHEME OF A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF FICTION
(on the basis of Hans P.Guth, Gabriele L. Rico “Discovering Literature: Fiction, Poetry and Drama”.)
I. Plot and Plot Structure.
The plot is a series of interlinked events in which characters of the story participate. The events are arranged in a definite sequence to catch and hold the reader’s attention. The plot of any story involves character and conflict. Conflict in fiction is the opposition or struggle between forces or characters. Conflict may be external and internal.
External Conflict: man against man; man against nature; man against society or established order in the society; the conflict between one set of values versus another set of values.
Internal Conflict: man versus himself (if conflict takes place within one character). This conflict is rendered through his thoughts or feelings.
The plot may be based on several conflicts.
The events of the plot are localized; they are set in a particular place and time, which form the setting.
The setting is established at the beginning of the story, in the exposition (the 1st component of plot structure).
1. In the exposition the author introduces the theme, the characters and establishes the setting.
The exposition supplies information on the questions: who? what? where? when? It may be compressed into one sentence or extended into several paragraphs.
2. The 2nd structural component is complications. They involve actions or thoughts. This structural component consists of several events or movements of complications. They become tenser as the plot moves toward the moment of decision – the climax.
3. The 3rd structural component is the climax, which is the key event, the critical moment of the story.
1. The denouement (the upshot) is the unwinding of the actions. A story may have no denouement. Novels may have two more components of plot structure: the prologue and the epilogue. Sometimes the story begins with complications or with the denouement. Sometimes there occur flashbacks to the past (“The Apple Tree” by J.Galsworthy). Any rearrangement of the components of plot structure is meaningful. There is a variety of plot structure techniques. A story may have: a straight line narrative presentation a complex narrative structure (with flashbacks to the past events) a circular pattern (when the closing event in the story returns the reader to the introductory part) a frame structure when there is a story, within a story. The two stories contrast or parallel.
The withholding of information until the appropriate time is called retardation.
Foreshadowing is a look towards the future.
The story may be told: in direct speech (the characters are speaking for themselves; first person narrative) in indirect speech (third person narrative) in non-personal direct speech (half-reported speech).
The author may select any of the following 4 types of narrators:
1. the main character
2. a minor character
3. the omniscient author
4. the observer-author
The first person narrative – the main character tells the story (internal analysis of events).
The first person narrative – a minor character tells the story (outside observation of events).
The third person narrative – the omniscient author tells the story (internal analysis of events).
The third person narrative – the observer-author tells the story (outside observation of events). The plot with its characters, actions and settings forms the so-called surface contents of literary work.
The theme of a story is the main area of interest treated in the story (what the story is about).
The theme is disclosed through the representation of life.
The message of the story is expressed indirectly, implicitly. The theme of the story implies the problem, which the writer raises. The most important idea that the author expresses in the process of developing the theme is the message of the story. The theme is connected with the author’s message.
The title is the first element to catch our eye. It may convey the message or the theme.
The manner of presentation: description, narration, dialogue.
The means of characterization: direct/ indirect (through actions, appearance, speech).
The speech of the character may be: direct/ inner represented speech/ uttered represented speech.
Settings may be: realistic, historical, fantastic, exotic, rural, urban. A straight line narrative structure; a circular narrative structure; a complex narrative structure; a frame narrative structure; digression.
The Characters: the hero, the protagonist, the main character, the central character the antagonist, the villain of the story minor characters the author’s mouthpiece the foil comparison – someone that makes another’s good or bad qualities all the more noticeable. E.g. The older, cynical character in the play is the perfect foil for the innocent William. Her husband’s strength acts as a foil to her impetuousness.
The Writer’s Voice
When a writer has a distinctive style, we may recognize a passage regardless of the setting, plot or theme of a particular story. Every real writer has a distinctive personal voice. E.g. Bret Harte writes in a popular nineteenth-century style, old-fashioned and ornate, with grand rhetorical flourishes and frank appeals to emotion. John Cheever writes in an ironic recent “postmodern” style – allusive, detached, wryly amused.
If we focus on the writer’s voice, we begin to recognize it: a solemn or ironic tone; a mood of foreboding or expectation, a way of looking at places and people, etc. The voice of the author are the writer’s opinions, ideas or emotions forcefully expressed through the text.
II. USEFUL WORD-COMBINATIONS FOR STYLISTIC ANALYSIS
1. The text comes from the novel by …
2. The given extract does not constitute a single artistic whole.
3. It serves as the exposition to …
4. The basic theme of the extract (and the whole book) is …
5. The theme is disclosed through the representation of …
6. The place of action is …
7. The conflict in the given fragment is between … and … (internal conflict, external conflict).
8. The plot is based on the collision between … and …
9. The outcome of the conflict forcibly (переконливо) stresses the message conveyed by the whole text that …
10. The leading idea runs through the text and is reinforced by various stylistic devices which are distributed through the text; they are …
11. From the point of view of the manner of presentation the extract is mainly description combined with narration.
12. The narrative is done in direct speech (indirect speech with some insertions of direct speech).
13. The style of the author’s third person narrative is tense (стиснутий) and coloured with sparkles of fine irony.
14. Compositionally the text under analysis falls into 3 (4-5) fragments, each with its own topic.
15. The opening fragment is the description of … done in the epic (humorous, dramatic, lyrical…) key.
16. The opening part initiates the reader into the setting and introduces the characters.
17. The second fragment is a description of …
18. The third fragment deals with the narration about …
19. The tonal colouring of the extract is polyphonic.
III. assignment for a comprehensive stylistic analysis of the text from …
1. Read the passage given for analysis to the end.
2. State the novel, story, excerpt comes from.
3. Define the basic theme of the excerpt and by-themes if any.
4. Give the gist of the plot and formulate the idea that can be gathered from the surface plot of the text and its title.
5. Specify the genre of the text and its key (a plot story; a plotless story; a mixed type; the epic key; the dramatic key; the lyrical key; the humorous key; the ironical key; the satirical key).
6. Identify the components of the plot composition (structure): a. the exposition, b. the beginning of action, i.e. the beginning of the collision and the collision itself (complications), c. the development of action, d. the climax, e. the denouement.
7. Point out the forms of narration (the 1st person narrative, 3rd person narrative, description, dialogue, monologue and represented speech).
8. Give a general comment on the language and style: the vocabulary, syntax (simple sentences, complex sentences, etc.).
9. Indicate the leading stylistic devices of the text; interpret additional information and stylistic effects created by them.
10. Single out the stylistic devices, which make the expression of the main idea more profound.
CONVERSATIONAL TOPIC
HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA, UK AND UKRAINE
Glossary of terms
Who is who:
Applicant
one who applies for study
Freshman
a first-year university student
Sophomore
– a student in his second year or with second-year standing at a college.
Junior
someone who is in the third year at university or high school.
Senior
a student in his last year before graduating from an educational institution.
Undergraduate
university student who has not yet taken a degree.
Graduate
– person who holds a university degree.
Part-time student a student studying less than the amount of time considered customary or standard
Night student a student who takes course offered (as by university or high school) for people in working life.
Teaching assistant a member usu. of the lowest rank of a college or university faculty whose duties may include grading papers, supervising laboratories or teaching classes.
Assistant professor a member of a college or university faculty who ranks immediately above an in instructor and immediately below an associate professor.
Associate professor a faculty member in a college or university who ranks immediately bellow a professor and above an assistant professor.
Counsellor
a faculty member assigned to advise students on personal, academic and vocational matters
(Full) professor a university teacher of the highest rank
Administration
Chancellor / President
– the head of the university, syn. chief, chairman, boss.
Dean
the chief / chairman / boss / president of the department, syn. Department chairman.
Assistant dean the vice-president of the department.
Academic vice-president a person who is eager to become an academic.
Student government a definite group of students which decides all problems concerning students’ life.
Faculty
the entire teaching staff at an educational institution
Tenure
signifies that a faculty member has become a full and permanent member of the academic body of the university and provides the faculty member with the right of continued employment without discriminatory reduction in salary unless there be grave reasons for dismissal.
Counselor a person on a university staff who provides counseling and consultation service to help in decisions regarding courses, majors, vocational plans, career opportunities and personal matters.
Full-time faculty consists of professors and instructors
The rank of associate professors, assistant professors corresponds to the British rank of readers or senior lecturers.
Academic calendar
Semester/term
a half-year, especially one of the two terms of the year in the colleges of Germany, USA and other countries.
Fall semester, spring semester
Quarter
one of the four parts of the academic year
Fall, winter, spring, summer quarter
Academic/school year a period of one year associated with the university activity
Exam period/days a period of time occupied by the exams
Reading days/period one or more days to read up for an examination
Break/recess
a brief stopping of study in recess, spring recess, summer recess, winter recess
Syn. Vacation, holidays
Deadline
the last date for a retake
.
Academic programs
Course ( a one/three credit course ) series of lessons or treatments; syn. classes, lecture, lessons, studies. to take a course to attend a course to give a lecture a professor whose speech gives information about a subject; syn. address, instruction, lesson, speech. pass-fail course a course where you don't take an examination, but a pass-fail test; elective chosen by election a major/to major ( what's your major?) gteater, very, imporant/ to specialize(in a subject) at college; syn. chief, higher, important, larger, leading, main. ant. minor, unimportant. a minor(second in importance) lesser, not very important; syn. inconsiderable, insignificant, junior, lesser, secondary, second-class, subordinate. ant. major, significant. discussion session a lesson at which one discusses smth, talks ot writes about;meeting for discussing or deciding smth; syn. seminar, lesson with argument, consideration, conversation, debate,, dialogue. seminars discussion session a more academic class, usually with grad students additional class of theoretical interest only for students that are not the beginners; a student-teacher a person that hasn't graduated yet, but he teaches already;
Grades to get/ to give grade to receive a mark given to a student for his or her standart of work; syn. to get degree, level, mark. pass-fail grading to receive a mark without taking an exam;(eg.to take grammar pass-fail); grades A,B,C,D,E letters to indicate the levels of achievement.
A- is the highest mark, indicating superior accomplishment, and the letters go through B,C,D, to E or F which denotes failure;
A-student
a student with superior accomplishment,with good knowledge to grade with straight A to receive excellent marks; to graduate with excellent marks; a credit a pass-fail test; syn. distinction, glory, honour, praise, recognition, reputation. ant. discredit, shame.
To earn a credit to get a pass-fail; education record information on a student's attendance, enrollment status,degrees conferred and dates, honours and awards; college, class, major field of study;address, telephone number; syn. education,cultivation,development,instruction/ document, journal, file, register, report.
Tests
Quiz
(n.) An exercise, or a course of exercises, conducted as a coaching or as an examination; an examination consisting of a few short questions. to conduct a quiz
(v.) to instruct in or by a quiz. quizzing, quizzes, quizzed, quizzes (pl).
Syn. Test to take an exam to go through a course of exercises, tasks, questions ect. to give an exam to test carefully a person’s knowledge or ability to retake an exam to make another attempt to pass an exam to flunk a course to fail an exam or course of study:
I flunked my second year exams and was lucky not to be thrown out of college
.to flunk somebody to make somebody fail an exam
He flunked her in her finals. to flunk out to have to leave school or college because your work is not good enough
Dan won't be in college next year - he flunked out
.to drop out / withdraw to stop going to classes before finishing the course a pass-fail test exam or course with no mark given for it (the only thing the students are told about their performance is whether or not they have passed) a multiple-choice test an exam or question in which you are given a list of answers and you have to choose the correct one an essay test a test demanding a short piece of writing on a particular subject
SAT
the Scholastic Aptitude Test (in mathematics and verbal ability). The SAT is taken in the 11th grade of high school
PSAT
their probable SAT scoring range the Preparatory Scholastic Aptitude Test – a test to give students a warm-up exercise for the SAT and indicate
ACT
an American College Testing program (in social and the natural studies). The ACT is taken when required by certain colleges or universities
GPA
Grade Point Average – a grade allowing to continue in school and to graduate
Red Tape
To interview to question or converse with esp. in order to obtain information or ascertain personal qualities.
To register to record formally and exactly
To enrol for admission to register for the classes
To select classes/ courses to choose classes
To drop a course to abandon or give up the course
To add a course to take up an additional course for personal interest, not for a credit and to pay for it additionally.
Bachelor of Art a man or a woman who has taken the first university degree
Master of Art a person who has received an academic degree higher than a bachelor’s but lower than a doctor’s.
Doctor of Philosophy a person who has earned one of the highest academic degrees conferred by university usually by spending several years in advanced study of a specialized field by writing an acceptable dissertation and by passing numerous rigorous examination
Student IP a means of identifying student’s personality.
Thesis
lengthy written essay submitted for a university degree.
Paper
set of printed examination questions on a given subject
To confer a degree to give or grant a degree.
Financing full-time fees the money paid for the whole course part-time fees the money paid for half a course grants a sum of money given especially by the government to a student for studies a student/research grant a local authority/government grant
They gave/awarded her a grant to study abroad for one year. student financial aid financial support given to a student to apply for financial aid to request financial support, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a form to be eligible for financial assistance to fulfill the conditions for receiving financial support
Scholarship an amount of money given by a school, college, university or other organization to pay for the studies of a person with great ability but little money:
He got/won a scholarship to Eton.
Paula went to the Royal College of Music on a scholarship.
academic fees money paid for studying housing fees money paid for housing a college work-study job any kind of work in summer at the college you study (to earn money)
LANGUAGE FOCUS
ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1. Find out which words are correct and incorrect.
Aplicant Senior Transfe student Asociate Freshman Undegraduate Night student Professor Sofomore Graduete Teaching asisstant Counselor Jiniar Part-time student Asisstant professor Prospective
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer:
1. A student in his second year or with second-year standing at a college is…
a) transfer student;
b) senior;
c) sophomore.
2. University student who has not yet taken a degree is …
a) sophomore;
b) undergraduate;
c) senior.
3. A student in his last year before graduating from an educational institution is …
a) freshman;
b) applicant;
c) senior.
4. A member of a college or university faculty who ranks immediately above an instructor and immediately below an associate professor is …
a) counsellor;
b) assistant professor.
c) teaching assistant; 5. A faculty member assigned to advise students on personal, academic and vocational matters is…
a) teaching assistant;
b) professor;
c) counsellor.
6. A person who has received an academic degree higher than a bachelor’s but lower than a doctor’s is…
a. Associate professor;
b. Master of art;
c. Counsellor. 7. To abandon or give up the course means…
a) to flunk smb;
b) to drop a course;
c) to add a course. 8. To question or converse with esp. in order to obtain information or ascertain personal qualities means…
a) to give or grant a degree;
b) to enrol for admission;
c) to interview. 9.Lengthy written essay submitted for a university degree is…
d) paper;
e) thesis;
f) tenure. 10. To take up an additional course for personal interest, not for a credit and to pay for it additionally means…
a) to confer a degree;
b) to select classes;
c) to add a course.
Exercise 3. Try to guess who or what is meant in the following definitions:
1. A first-year university student.
2. Someone who is in the third year at university or high school.
3. A member usu. of the lowest rank of a college or university faculty whose duties may include grading papers, supervising laboratories or teaching classes.
4. A faculty member in a college or university who ranks immediately bellow a professor and above an assistant professor.
5. A faculty member assigned to advise students on personal, academic and vocational matters.
6. A person on a university staff who provides counseling and consultation service to help in decisions regarding courses, majors, vocational plans, career opportunities and personal matters.
7. The entire teaching staff at an educational institution.
8. …consists of professors and instructors.
9. Department chairman.
10. The rank that corresponds to the British rank of readers or senior lecturers.
11. The head of the university.
12. The vice-president of the department.
13. A period of one year associated with the university activity;
14. The last date for a retake;
15. A period of time occupied by the exams;
16. A brief stopping of study;
17. One of the four parts of the academic year;
18. One or more days to read up for an examination;
19. A half-year, especially one of the two terms of the year in the colleges of Germany, USA and other countries.
20. A period of one year associated with the university activity;
21. The last date for a retake; 22. A period of time occupied by the exams; 23. A brief stopping of study; 24. One of the four parts of the academic year; 25. One or more days to read up for an examination; 26. A half-year, especially one of the two terms of the year in the colleges of Germany, USA and other countries. 27. An exercise, or a course of exercises, conducted as a coaching or as an examination; an examination consisting of a few short questions; 28. to go through a course of exercises, tasks, questions ect.; 29. to test carefully a person’s knowledge or ability; 30. Grade Point Average – a grade allowing to continue in school and to graduate; 31. To fail an exam or course of study; 32. To make somebody fail an exam; 33. To have to leave school or college because your work is not good enough; 34. To stop going to classes before finishing the course; 35. An exam or course with no mark given for it (the only thing the students are told about their performance is whether or not they have passed); 36. An exam or question in which you are given a list of answers and you have to choose the correct one; 37. A test demanding a short piece of writing on a particular subject; 38. The Scholastic Aptitude Test (in mathematics and verbal ability). The SAT is taken in the 11th grade of high school; 39. The Preparatory Scholastic Aptitude Test – a test to give students a warm-up exercise for the SAT and indicate their probable SAT scoring range; 40. An American College Testing program (in social and the natural studies). The ACT is taken when required by certain colleges or universities; 41. To make another attempt to pass an exam; 42. A person who has earned one of the highest academic degrees conferred by university usually by spending several years in advanced study of a specialized field by writing an acceptable dissertation and by passing numerous rigorous examination. 43. To take up an additional course for personal interest, not for a credit and to pay for it additionally. 44. Lengthy written essay submitted for a university degree. 45. Set of printed examination questions on a given subject. 46. To abandon or give up the course. 47. To request financial support, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a form; 48. A sum of money given especially by the government to a student for studies; 50. An amount of money given by a school, college, university or other organization to pay for the studies of a person with great ability but little money; 51. Any kind of work in summer at the college you study (to earn money); 52. The money paid for half a course; 53. The financial support given to a student; 54. The money paid for the whole course; 55. To fulfill the conditions for receiving financial support; 56. Money paid for studying; 56. Money paid for housing.
Exercise 4. Give the synonyms to the following words and word-combinations:
- Readers or senior lecturers
- The entire teaching staff
- A chairman of the university
- A chief of the department
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks:
Chance…or, a…istant dean, department ch…rman, fac…lty, assoc…te pro…essor, c…nselor, ten…re, ch…f, se….er, t..m, qua…, per…, …ak, dead….
Exercise 6. Match the words from the first column to the second one.
- A period of one year associated with the university activity;
- The last date for a retake;
- A period of time occupied by the exams;
- A brief stopping of study;
- One of the four parts of the academic year;
- One or more days to read up for an examination;
- A half-year, especially one of the two terms of the year in the colleges of Germany, USA and other countries
quarter;
Reading days/period;
Break/recess;
Semester/term;
Academic/school year;
Deadline;
Exam period/days
An exercise, or a course of exercises, conducted as a coaching or as an examination; an examination consisting of a few short questions; to go through a course of exercises, tasks, questions ect.; to test carefully a person’s knowledge or ability;
Grade Point Average – a grade allowing to continue in school and to graduate; to fail an exam or course of study; to make somebody fail an exam; to have to leave school or college because your work is not good enough; to stop going to classes before finishing the course; exam or course with no mark given for it (the only thing the students are told about their performance is whether or not they have passed); an exam or question in which you are given a list of answers and you have to choose the correct one; a test demanding a short piece of writing on a particular subject; the Scholastic Aptitude Test (in mathematics and verbal ability). The SAT is taken in the 11th grade of high school; the Preparatory Scholastic Aptitude Test – a test to give students a warm-up exercise for the SAT and indicate their probable SAT scoring range; an American College Testing program (in social and the natural studies). The ACT is taken when required by certain colleges or universities; to make another attempt to pass an exam;
GPA;
an essay test;
quiz;
SAT;
to flunk out; to retake an exam; to flunk a course;
PSAT; to take an exam;
to flunk somebody;
to give an exam;
a pass-fail test;
a multiple-choice test;
to retake an exam;
withdraw
- an amount of money given by a school, college, university or other organization to pay for the studies of a person with great ability but little money;
- money paid for housing;
- to request financial support, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a form;
- the money paid for the whole course;
- money paid for studying;
- a sum of money given especially by the government to a student for studies;
- to fulfill the conditions for receiving financial support;
- financial support given to a student;
- any kind of work in summer at the college you study (to earn money);
- the money paid for half a course;
Housing fees;
Full-time fees;
A college work-study job;
Scholarship;
Part-time fees;
Academic fees;
To apply for financial aid;
To be eligible for financial assistance;
Grants;
Student financial aid
Exercise 7. Correct the mistakes
Samester, querter, academec jear, ixam piriod, reeding deys, breek, deedline, discusion session, educational record, to majour, pass-failed course, cource, seminares, accademic class, elactive, to graduete.
Exercise 8. Complete the following word combinations.
Fall …; reading …; summer …; … recess; … year; … period a course…A-student…,a minor…,a student-teacher…,pass-fail course…,discussion session, to give an …; to … a course; an ... test; to ... out; to retake an …; to flunk …; a multiple-… test; a …-fail test; to drop …
Exercise 9. Explain the meaning of the following words and word-combinations:
a course
A-student
a minor a student-teacher pass-fail course discussion session a minor discussion session seminars a more academic class, usually with grad students
TEXT 1 The System of Higher Education in the USA.
There are two types of colleges and Universities in USA: state and private colleges (that are run by the church and private groups).Usually colleges receive money in three ways:
• Subsidized by the taxpayers,
• Donated by the private individuals;
• Due to the tuitions Even at state schools the tuition requirements exist but it's much lower that at private school.
Moreover, private individuals supply the money either to private or to state colleges just to help to run it. College itself has to have its own physical facilities (buildings, computers, chalk, faculty etc.) So the tuition (being very low) is not the very thing that supports it but only helps; thus private contributions and donations are to do it.
There are also so-called Summer schools that allow students to repeat the course they failed, to improve their grades or to get some additional skills. They are very popular with the foreigners who can get certain knowledge there.
The tuition for schooling is greatly variegated according to the college or university. It may be from 10000$ per year (Faulkner University) to 50000$ per year (Harvard University). But despite this, every student gets some sort of financial aid.
All schools provide scholarships (10%-50% of the whole tuition fee), which is very competitive and is of different kinds: general abilities, music, theatre or sport abilities etc.) Apart from this, since some time federal government has been loaning money to students.
Admission is very competitive as well. The most important skill is academic ability. There are two entrance tests for most American colleges- standardized tests (SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test), ACT (American College Testing Program)). Nevertheless, all colleges and Institutes acquire your being potential civil leader or your being getting well along with other people. A great importance has the financial state of the family as the credits are very expensive -300$ for each one. These are the dominant acquirements for the admission in American colleges.
Application pack of required papers:
• School tests (SAT, ACT, RYE (puzzles in Math, Geography), they are not free of charge;
• Educational record (a set of all marks and grades received during the high schooling), on special request;
• 2-3 recommendational letters from some schoolteachers to show how good you are.
There are different types of colleges in the USA. The term "college" refers to a school that specializes at only one subject area (mathematics, art...). While studying there a student may have 2-year degree - 72 credit hours per year (4 credit hours per week - 1 hour in the classroom and 3 hours for the study elsewhere). Most colleges usually have 3 credit hour courses per week. This is so-called associate degree, an introductory college degree.
Most schools have 4-year degree (132 credit hours for the whole course) and at the end of the study get a Bachelor's degree. Actually, it composes of 2 areas of study:
• General Study Courses (Core courses) gives you a background in a lot of different subjects (Grammar, Literature, History, Mathematics, Science, Bible, Music, Art, Physical Education, Computer Science, Psychology, Rhetoric etc.) At the end of it a student gets an associate degree (2 years of study = 72 hours). It's so-called Preliminary college.
• Major Field of Study (Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology, Physical Education, primary and secondary education, music, art etc.)
For example, the introductory course of History - overview - is the USA History (6 hours) and Western Civilization (6hours). Introductory courses don't require deep studies. The deepest are: * American Civil War (Reconstruction period); * Research Methods of History; * The History of the State (Alabama); * Philosophy of History (Theory of History, the changing of meaning of Historic events); * Courses in American Government; * Sociology and anthropology;
University is more than one college in the same campus and may include over 3000 students.
Colleges are of common structures - Arts and Sciences. Lectures are very few, the dominating is seminar (discussion on different subjects), very popular are topics for written projects.
For example, the Faulkner University includes:
Schools
Colleges
School of Arts and Sciences
Biblical studies B. degree (36 hours a week)
132 hours for year
Business
(45 semester hours)
M. degree
Law
(90 semester hours) Dr. Of Law
Most of the Universities in USA follow the same pattern, but some of them have much more schools in their campus.
Many schools have set admission standards. First of all students have to set their Syllabus – the individual academic program (students decide what subjects they wish to study and at what time) and to register for the next semester classes, state the dates to add some more classes or to drop some classes according to their abilities. They are to pass one final exam during the week at the end of the year and two or more midterm exams during the midterm week. Not the dean's office states the deadline, but professors have some liberties in setting exams and determine the number of them. During the session all grades come together and form a final grade. Tests and Written Papers are popular.
A-student (graduates with straight A/ with credit/ honours)
More advanced courses have 20 grades and more that 3 midterm exams and 1 final exam. In mostly every subject individual research is very important and compulsory. There even special subjects are provided about how to do researching and some courses are given specifically for research subjects.
As American Schooling is very competitive, teachers are usually required with terminal degree (Dr. of Philosophy) to teach at the college level in every school. But some teachers with Master's Degree can teach at college level as well. But those with terminal degree have 20% added to their salary. So, all colleges and Universities are very competitive to attract best students and best teacher. But great majority of Americans prefers to get only Bachelor degree.
2/3 of American students are occupied with part-time jobs, especially in summer, to pay their tuition fee. The most popular jobs are salesmen, in fast-food shops, assistants in elementary schools, day-care situations (relatively low-paid jobs).
I. Read text 1 “Doctor in the House” by Richard Gordon and practice the pronunciation of the words and phrases to anticipate phonetic mistakes.
Do exercises 1-3, 2. p.17-18.
II. Study Speech Patterns and Word Combinations of Lesson 2 and do the exercises 5-13, p.17-20.
III. Read Text 1 “Doctor in the House” by Richard Gordon, translate it and go behind its linguistic value. Do exercises 14-18 p.20-22.
IV. Run over the essential vocabulary and do exercises 1-12 p. 23-27.
Types of Students
Read the thoughts of examinees before the exam. Say what type of, student-examinees they belong to.
1. I agree that an examination is nothing more than an investigation of a man's knowledge. You should be well-prepared for it. If you make every effort to be successful, you will win. So, learn all the rules, all the necessary information on the subject you are going to be examined.
2. It doesn't matter if I receive an "A" or an "F". There are a lot of other gripping pastimes beside swotting up and taking exams. Why not go on holiday to Florida or some island in Oceania. Life is full of compensations. No anxiety, no fuss, no worry and everything will be all right.
3. It is not what you know that matters, it's the way you look. For instance, I don't want others to laugh their heads off looking at me. My advice is to be in a proper time at a proper place wearing the proper clothes.
4. I know the way they will mark and grade the papers. The don totters back from hall and chucks me papers down the staircase. The ones that stick on the top flight are given firsts, most of them end up on the landing and get seconds, thirds go to the lower flight, and any reaching the ground floor are failed. This system works admirably for years without arousing any comment.
5. Parliament is made up of two Chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Each autumn the monarch goes to Westminster for the State Opening of Parliament. Where is the examiner? Is he strict? I forgot so many things. The monarch represents the people as the head of State. Oh, he is so ugly and old with long moustache and wrinkled face. I am done. What shall I do?
KEYS TO COLLEGE SUCCESS
1. IN THE CLASSROOM
Taking notes. Lecture notes:
1) Sit near the front of the class to avoid distractions.
2) Be a good listener.
3) If there is something you don’t understand ASK.
4) Immediately after a lecture, without looking at your notes try to recall on a separate paper as much as you can what you have heard & learned. Then review tour actual lecture notes to confirm and / or supplement your memory.
5) During your next study session quickly recall on paper what you learned. Then review & recognize your lecture notes in your own words.
6) Repeat the recall process several times over several days to commit the new information to memory.
Dealing with professors and tough classes:
Go see your professors during their posted office hours. They have to sit there whether you show up or not so take advantage of the opportunity.
Talk to other students to find out the real scoop, which professor to avoid.
Don’t be afraid to ask other students & professors for copies of old exams.
Make sure your professor knows your name.
Problems with faculty should be handled honestly & calmly.
WHAT IRRITATES PROFESSORS & INSTRUCTORS:
1.Sleeping in class.
2.Not going to class.
3.Brown nosing.
4.Lack of responsibility.
5.excuses.
2. STUDY STRATEGIES
Time management:
Learn to say no.
1) Saying no to partying, movies, etc. does not make you a terrible person.
DON’T STUDY MORE THAN 2 HOURS AT A TIME.
USE TRAVEL TIME TO STUDY. Pop a study or lecture tape into your car’s cassette player; put on those earphones if you ride the train or car pool.
USE TWO SCHEDULES
1) Create an hour-by-hour weekly schedule.
2) Create a semester schedule showing midterms, finals, due dates & other important events.
USE THE 30-3-2 SCHEDULE
1) Study for 30 min.
2) Take a 3 min. break.
3) Upon returning, take an extra 2 min. to mentally review what you have just read.
Study. Study. Study:
STUDYING WITH SMOOTHING MUSIC in the background can enhance your concentration.
Floral scented candles & mixed floral potpourri facilitate learning.
Studying in a soft chair or on a cushy bed may not be a good strategy.
Active learning may require walking around the room or sitting on the edge of the chair.
Wake up your body. Wake up your mind.
STUDY SPACE: Your regular study space should be as quiet & comfortable as possible & large enough to have easy access to everything you need to studying.
3. BRAIN POWER
Can you remember?
MEMORIZE FROM CENTRAL TO SPECIFIC. Study the big picture & then learn the details.
CRAMMING DOES NOT WORK. Cramming for an exam only commits the information to your short-term memory.
KEYS TO REMEMBERING
1) Be interested. Establish a need to remember.
2) Visualize. Picture in your mind what you need to remember.
3) Relate. Relate & form associations between the new ideas & information you wish to remember & information, ideas, persons, things that you already know.
4) Repeat. Repeat difficult information 7 times a day for 7 days.
Critical thinking skills:
DON’T BELIEVE EVERYTHING YOU SEE, READ OR HEARD.
CRITICAL THINKING IS IMPORTANT.
4. EXAM STRATEGIES
Preparation:
1. Learn the exam format.
2. Review course outline, notes.
3. Review previous tests.
4. Summarize highlights on single sheet.
Objective exams:
1. ALWAYS READ & FOLLOW DIRECTIONS.
2. Determine the exam’s scoring rules & use them.
3. ANSWER EASY QUESTIONS FIRST.
4. MARK DIFFICULT QUESTIONS & RETURN TO THEM LATER.
5. TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS: pick out key words or group of words on which the truth or falsity of a statement hinges; if any clause in a statement is false, the statement is false.
6. Multiply- choice questions: multiply-choice questions are essentially true-false questions arranged in groups; usually one alternative is totally correct; eliminate obvious false choices; of the remainder pick the alternative that answers most fully all aspects of the questions.
Essential exams:
1. PLAN YOUR TIME.
2. Read through entire examination first
3. FOLLOW DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY
4. Pay attention to the key words in the questions
5. Answer the questions directly & concisely
6. Print if your cursive writing is very hard to read
5. THEMES AND REPORTS
Reducing writing anxiety:
Get a calendar or an academic planner
Be sure to know exactly what your instructor expects
Library tips
Don’t wait until your first research paper to scope out the campus library.
1. Many libraries offer tours far freshmen.
2. Find out what resources the library has & what deficiencies or limitations the library has as well.
3. Use the Reader’ Guide to Periodical literature for magazine articles.
4. Talk to other students, especially those browsing shelves or studying in the same area as you are.
6.READING SKILLS
Skimming & scanning
When to use
1.To quickly determine main idea
2.To locate fast quickly
3.to answer chapter questions
How to use
1.Fix intent for reading clearly in your mind
2.Scan table of contests chapter headings & subheadings
3.Quickly move eyes over reading mental-focusing upon page headings & subheadings, discarding information that is obviously not related to reading intent.
4.Skimming reading rates should be twice as fast as average reading speed.
5.Selectively omit portions of reading material.
6.Read carefully the last paragraph for summary information.
7.Carefully review tables, charts & any side boxes.
The SQ3R+Reading method
SURVEY
1.Preview the assignment to be studied by scanning the text quickly to discover the author’s central concept.
2.From your preview formulate an overall picture 7 the purpose of what you’re going to study.
QUESTION: write questions what you need to learn in terms of : what, how, why to support the central concept.
READ: read specifically to answer the questions.
RECALL: pause periodically to recall in your own words a summary of what you have read.
REVIEW: reread difficult parts, work a few more problems.
7.MONNEY MATTERS
Dorms – do’s & don’ts
CLEARN UP AFTER YOURSELF.
MANY SCHOOLS OFFER “SPECIALITY FLOORS”. Reserve your room early & be honest about special request.
1.Quiet study floors.
2.Upperclassmen floors.
3.Health & wellness floors.
4.Chemically sensitive floors.
5.Multicultural floors.
GET INVOLVED IN RESIDENT LIFE. Almost every school sponsors some type of residence hall & community activities.
LOCK YOUR DOORS – even if you are in the room. Better save than sorry.
IF YOUR SCHOOL ALLOWS COOKING IN THE ROOM:
1.Check to see which appliances are permitted for dorm use (Dorm size refrigerator).
2.Never leave your food unattended.
3.Store leftovers quickly & properly.
4.Take out the trash every day.
5.Remember, some schools do provide community cooking facilities, but you may need to clean the area before & after the cooking.
Finding a job:
It’s never too early to contact your school’s Career Development Center.
STUDENT EMPLOYMENT OFFICES usually list more than one thousand part-time jobs for students.
ALWAYS GO TO AN INTERVIEW LOOKING PROFESSIONAL.
The local federal job service is also an excellent source of employment.
DON’T CHEW GUM AT AN INTERVIEW.
DON’T BE DISCOURAGED if your fist job is not in your major field.
ALWAYS BE ON TIME FOR APPOINTMENTS.
BE SURE TO FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS.
Dealing with diversity:
Realize that every college & university has its own culture, which includes language, traditions & taboos.
THERE ARE 5 STEPS TO CULTURE SHOCK.
1. Fascination with the new environment.
2. Severe homesickness.
3. Find fault with new surroundings; build stereotypes.
4. Find humor in your adjustment.
5. Embrace the new culture; you will miss it when you go.
IN ORDER TO BECOME MORE COMFORTABLE with the college or university environment:
1.Learn the jargon of higher education.
2.Realize your own preconception & perceptions.
3.Actively try to make friends.
4.Look for common ground.
5.Look for individuals not for stereotypes.
ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1.Continue the sentences.
1) Immediately after a lecture, without looking at your notes try…
2) During your next study session quickly recall on paper…
3) …irritate professors & instructors.
4) Don’t study for more than … hours at a time.
5) Use two schedules: 1. create…, 2.create…
6) Your regular study space should be…
7) I’ve known a lot of ways how to find a job…
8) There are 5 steps to culture shock…
9) In order to become more comfortable…
Exercise 2.Answer the questions:
1) In what way have you to write down lectures?
2) What should you do to make friends with professors?
3) How have you to plan your work?
4) What keys of remembering do you know?
5) How do the critical thinking skills help you?
6) What rules of exams’ preparation do you know?
7) What is the difference between the rules of preparation to the objective & essay exams?
8) What is the SQ3R reading method?
9) What traditions, taboos & language do you know?
Exercise 3.Do the cards. Tell everything you know about…
LECTURE NOTES
DEALING WITH PROFESSORS AND TOUGH CLASSES
TIME MANAGEMENT
STUDY STRATEGIES
BRAIN POWER
EXAM STRATEGIES
OBJECTIVE EXAMS
ESSAY EXAMS
THEMES & REPORTS
ESSENTIAL EXAMS
FINDING A JOB
READING SKILLS
DEALING WITH DIVERSITY
DORMS – DO’S AND DON’TS
THE SCHEME OF A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF FICTION
(on the basis of Hans P.Guth, Gabriele L. Rico “Discovering Literature: Fiction, Poetry and Drama”.)
I. Plot and Plot Structure.
The plot is a series of interlinked events in which characters of the story participate. The events are arranged in a definite sequence to catch and hold the reader’s attention. The plot of any story involves character and conflict. Conflict in fiction is the opposition or struggle between forces or characters. Conflict may be external and internal.
External Conflict: man against man; man against nature; man against society or established order in the society; the conflict between one set of values versus another set of values.
Internal Conflict: man versus himself (if conflict takes place within one character). This conflict is rendered through his thoughts or feelings.
The plot may be based on several conflicts.
The events of the plot are localized; they are set in a particular place and time, which form the setting.
The setting is established at the beginning of the story, in the exposition (the 1st component of plot structure).
1. In the exposition the author introduces the theme, the characters and establishes the setting.
The exposition supplies information on the questions: who? what? where? when? It may be compressed into one sentence or extended into several paragraphs.
2. The 2nd structural component is complications. They involve actions or thoughts. This structural component consists of several events or movements of complications. They become tenser as the plot moves toward the moment of decision – the climax.
3. The 3rd structural component is the climax, which is the key event, the critical moment of the story.
1. The denouement (the upshot) is the unwinding of the actions. A story may have no denouement. Novels may have two more components of plot structure: the prologue and the epilogue. Sometimes the story begins with complications or with the denouement. Sometimes there occur flashbacks to the past (“The Apple Tree” by J.Galsworthy). Any rearrangement of the components of plot structure is meaningful. There is a variety of plot structure techniques. A story may have: a straight line narrative presentation a complex narrative structure (with flashbacks to the past events) a circular pattern (when the closing event in the story returns the reader to the introductory part) a frame structure when there is a story, within a story. The two stories contrast or parallel.
The withholding of information until the appropriate time is called retardation.
Foreshadowing is a look towards the future.
The story may be told: in direct speech (the characters are speaking for themselves; first person narrative) in indirect speech (third person narrative) in non-personal direct speech (half-reported speech).
The author may select any of the following 4 types of narrators:
1. the main character
2. a minor character
3. the omniscient author
4. the observer-author
The first person narrative – the main character tells the story (internal analysis of events).
The first person narrative – a minor character tells the story (outside observation of events).
The third person narrative – the omniscient author tells the story (internal analysis of events).
The third person narrative – the observer-author tells the story (outside observation of events). The plot with its characters, actions and settings forms the so-called surface contents of literary work.
The theme of a story is the main area of interest treated in the story (what the story is about).
The theme is disclosed through the representation of life.
The message of the story is expressed indirectly, implicitly. The theme of the story implies the problem, which the writer raises. The most important idea that the author expresses in the process of developing the theme is the message of the story. The theme is connected with the author’s message.
The title is the first element to catch our eye. It may convey the message or the theme.
The manner of presentation: description, narration, dialogue.
The means of characterization: direct/ indirect (through actions, appearance, speech).
The speech of the character may be: direct/ inner represented speech/ uttered represented speech.
Settings may be: realistic, historical, fantastic, exotic, rural, urban. A straight line narrative structure; a circular narrative structure; a complex narrative structure; a frame narrative structure; digression.
The Characters: the hero, the protagonist, the main character, the central character the antagonist, the villain of the story minor characters the author’s mouthpiece the foil comparison – someone that makes another’s good or bad qualities all the more noticeable. E.g. The older, cynical character in the play is the perfect foil for the innocent William. Her husband’s strength acts as a foil to her impetuousness.
The Writer’s Voice
When a writer has a distinctive style, we may recognize a passage regardless of the setting, plot or theme of a particular story. Every real writer has a distinctive personal voice. E.g. Bret Harte writes in a popular nineteenth-century style, old-fashioned and ornate, with grand rhetorical flourishes and frank appeals to emotion. John Cheever writes in an ironic recent “postmodern” style – allusive, detached, wryly amused.
If we focus on the writer’s voice, we begin to recognize it: a solemn or ironic tone; a mood of foreboding or expectation, a way of looking at places and people, etc. The voice of the author are the writer’s opinions, ideas or emotions forcefully expressed through the text.
II. USEFUL WORD-COMBINATIONS FOR STYLISTIC ANALYSIS
1. The text comes from the novel by …
2. The given extract does not constitute a single artistic whole.
3. It serves as the exposition to …
4. The basic theme of the extract (and the whole book) is …
5. The theme is disclosed through the representation of …
6. The place of action is …
7. The conflict in the given fragment is between … and … (internal conflict, external conflict).
8. The plot is based on the collision between … and …
9. The outcome of the conflict forcibly (переконливо) stresses the message conveyed by the whole text that …
10. The leading idea runs through the text and is reinforced by various stylistic devices which are distributed through the text; they are …
11. From the point of view of the manner of presentation the extract is mainly description combined with narration.
12. The narrative is done in direct speech (indirect speech with some insertions of direct speech).
13. The style of the author’s third person narrative is tense (стиснутий) and coloured with sparkles of fine irony.
14. Compositionally the text under analysis falls into 3 (4-5) fragments, each with its own topic.
15. The opening fragment is the description of … done in the epic (humorous, dramatic, lyrical…) key.
16. The opening part initiates the reader into the setting and introduces the characters.
17. The second fragment is a description of …
18. The third fragment deals with the narration about …
19. The tonal colouring of the extract is polyphonic.
III. assignment for a comprehensive stylistic analysis of the text from …
1. Read the passage given for analysis to the end.
2. State the novel, story, excerpt comes from.
3. Define the basic theme of the excerpt and by-themes if any.
4. Give the gist of the plot and formulate the idea that can be gathered from the surface plot of the text and its title.
5. Specify the genre of the text and its key (a plot story; a plotless story; a mixed type; the epic key; the dramatic key; the lyrical key; the humorous key; the ironical key; the satirical key).
6. Identify the components of the plot composition (structure): a. the exposition, b. the beginning of action, i.e. the beginning of the collision and the collision itself (complications), c. the development of action, d. the climax, e. the denouement.
7. Point out the forms of narration (the 1st person narrative, 3rd person narrative, description, dialogue, monologue and represented speech).
8. Give a general comment on the language and style: the vocabulary, syntax (simple sentences, complex sentences, etc.).
9. Indicate the leading stylistic devices of the text; interpret additional information and stylistic effects created by them.
10. Single out the stylistic devices, which make the expression of the main idea more profound.
CONVERSATIONAL TOPIC
HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA, UK AND UKRAINE
Glossary of terms
Who is who:
Applicant
one who applies for study
Freshman
a first-year university student
Sophomore
– a student in his second year or with second-year standing at a college.
Junior
someone who is in the third year at university or high school.
Senior
a student in his last year before graduating from an educational institution.
Undergraduate
university student who has not yet taken a degree.
Graduate
– person who holds a university degree.
Part-time student a student studying less than the amount of time considered customary or standard
Night student a student who takes course offered (as by university or high school) for people in working life.
Teaching assistant a member usu. of the lowest rank of a college or university faculty whose duties may include grading papers, supervising laboratories or teaching classes.
Assistant professor a member of a college or university faculty who ranks immediately above an in instructor and immediately below an associate professor.
Associate professor a faculty member in a college or university who ranks immediately bellow a professor and above an assistant professor.
Counsellor
a faculty member assigned to advise students on personal, academic and vocational matters
(Full) professor a university teacher of the highest rank
Administration
Chancellor / President
– the head of the university, syn. chief, chairman, boss.
Dean
the chief / chairman / boss / president of the department, syn. Department chairman.
Assistant dean the vice-president of the department.
Academic vice-president a person who is eager to become an academic.
Student government a definite group of students which decides all problems concerning students’ life.
Faculty
the entire teaching staff at an educational institution
Tenure
signifies that a faculty member has become a full and permanent member of the academic body of the university and provides the faculty member with the right of continued employment without discriminatory reduction in salary unless there be grave reasons for dismissal.
Counselor a person on a university staff who provides counseling and consultation service to help in decisions regarding courses, majors, vocational plans, career opportunities and personal matters.
Full-time faculty consists of professors and instructors
The rank of associate professors, assistant professors corresponds to the British rank of readers or senior lecturers.
Academic calendar
Semester/term
a half-year, especially one of the two terms of the year in the colleges of Germany, USA and other countries.
Fall semester, spring semester
Quarter
one of the four parts of the academic year
Fall, winter, spring, summer quarter
Academic/school year a period of one year associated with the university activity
Exam period/days a period of time occupied by the exams
Reading days/period one or more days to read up for an examination
Break/recess
a brief stopping of study in recess, spring recess, summer recess, winter recess
Syn. Vacation, holidays
Deadline
the last date for a retake
.
Academic programs
Course ( a one/three credit course ) series of lessons or treatments; syn. classes, lecture, lessons, studies. to take a course to attend a course to give a lecture a professor whose speech gives information about a subject; syn. address, instruction, lesson, speech. pass-fail course a course where you don't take an examination, but a pass-fail test; elective chosen by election a major/to major ( what's your major?) gteater, very, imporant/ to specialize(in a subject) at college; syn. chief, higher, important, larger, leading, main. ant. minor, unimportant. a minor(second in importance) lesser, not very important; syn. inconsiderable, insignificant, junior, lesser, secondary, second-class, subordinate. ant. major, significant. discussion session a lesson at which one discusses smth, talks ot writes about;meeting for discussing or deciding smth; syn. seminar, lesson with argument, consideration, conversation, debate,, dialogue. seminars discussion session a more academic class, usually with grad students additional class of theoretical interest only for students that are not the beginners; a student-teacher a person that hasn't graduated yet, but he teaches already;
Grades to get/ to give grade to receive a mark given to a student for his or her standart of work; syn. to get degree, level, mark. pass-fail grading to receive a mark without taking an exam;(eg.to take grammar pass-fail); grades A,B,C,D,E letters to indicate the levels of achievement.
A- is the highest mark, indicating superior accomplishment, and the letters go through B,C,D, to E or F which denotes failure;
A-student
a student with superior accomplishment,with good knowledge to grade with straight A to receive excellent marks; to graduate with excellent marks; a credit a pass-fail test; syn. distinction, glory, honour, praise, recognition, reputation. ant. discredit, shame.
To earn a credit to get a pass-fail; education record information on a student's attendance, enrollment status,degrees conferred and dates, honours and awards; college, class, major field of study;address, telephone number; syn. education,cultivation,development,instruction/ document, journal, file, register, report.
Tests
Quiz
(n.) An exercise, or a course of exercises, conducted as a coaching or as an examination; an examination consisting of a few short questions. to conduct a quiz
(v.) to instruct in or by a quiz. quizzing, quizzes, quizzed, quizzes (pl).
Syn. Test to take an exam to go through a course of exercises, tasks, questions ect. to give an exam to test carefully a person’s knowledge or ability to retake an exam to make another attempt to pass an exam to flunk a course to fail an exam or course of study:
I flunked my second year exams and was lucky not to be thrown out of college
.to flunk somebody to make somebody fail an exam
He flunked her in her finals. to flunk out to have to leave school or college because your work is not good enough
Dan won't be in college next year - he flunked out
.to drop out / withdraw to stop going to classes before finishing the course a pass-fail test exam or course with no mark given for it (the only thing the students are told about their performance is whether or not they have passed) a multiple-choice test an exam or question in which you are given a list of answers and you have to choose the correct one an essay test a test demanding a short piece of writing on a particular subject
SAT
the Scholastic Aptitude Test (in mathematics and verbal ability). The SAT is taken in the 11th grade of high school
PSAT
their probable SAT scoring range the Preparatory Scholastic Aptitude Test – a test to give students a warm-up exercise for the SAT and indicate
ACT
an American College Testing program (in social and the natural studies). The ACT is taken when required by certain colleges or universities
GPA
Grade Point Average – a grade allowing to continue in school and to graduate
Red Tape
To interview to question or converse with esp. in order to obtain information or ascertain personal qualities.
To register to record formally and exactly
To enrol for admission to register for the classes
To select classes/ courses to choose classes
To drop a course to abandon or give up the course
To add a course to take up an additional course for personal interest, not for a credit and to pay for it additionally.
Bachelor of Art a man or a woman who has taken the first university degree
Master of Art a person who has received an academic degree higher than a bachelor’s but lower than a doctor’s.
Doctor of Philosophy a person who has earned one of the highest academic degrees conferred by university usually by spending several years in advanced study of a specialized field by writing an acceptable dissertation and by passing numerous rigorous examination
Student IP a means of identifying student’s personality.
Thesis
lengthy written essay submitted for a university degree.
Paper
set of printed examination questions on a given subject
To confer a degree to give or grant a degree.
Financing full-time fees the money paid for the whole course part-time fees the money paid for half a course grants a sum of money given especially by the government to a student for studies a student/research grant a local authority/government grant
They gave/awarded her a grant to study abroad for one year. student financial aid financial support given to a student to apply for financial aid to request financial support, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a form to be eligible for financial assistance to fulfill the conditions for receiving financial support
Scholarship an amount of money given by a school, college, university or other organization to pay for the studies of a person with great ability but little money:
He got/won a scholarship to Eton.
Paula went to the Royal College of Music on a scholarship.
academic fees money paid for studying housing fees money paid for housing a college work-study job any kind of work in summer at the college you study (to earn money)
LANGUAGE FOCUS
ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1. Find out which words are correct and incorrect.
Aplicant Senior Transfe student Asociate Freshman Undegraduate Night student Professor Sofomore Graduete Teaching asisstant Counselor Jiniar Part-time student Asisstant professor Prospective
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer:
1. A student in his second year or with second-year standing at a college is…
a) transfer student;
b) senior;
c) sophomore.
2. University student who has not yet taken a degree is …
a) sophomore;
b) undergraduate;
c) senior.
3. A student in his last year before graduating from an educational institution is …
a) freshman;
b) applicant;
c) senior.
4. A member of a college or university faculty who ranks immediately above an instructor and immediately below an associate professor is …
a) counsellor;
b) assistant professor.
c) teaching assistant; 5. A faculty member assigned to advise students on personal, academic and vocational matters is…
a) teaching assistant;
b) professor;
c) counsellor.
6. A person who has received an academic degree higher than a bachelor’s but lower than a doctor’s is…
a. Associate professor;
b. Master of art;
c. Counsellor. 7. To abandon or give up the course means…
a) to flunk smb;
b) to drop a course;
c) to add a course. 8. To question or converse with esp. in order to obtain information or ascertain personal qualities means…
a) to give or grant a degree;
b) to enrol for admission;
c) to interview. 9.Lengthy written essay submitted for a university degree is…
d) paper;
e) thesis;
f) tenure. 10. To take up an additional course for personal interest, not for a credit and to pay for it additionally means…
a) to confer a degree;
b) to select classes;
c) to add a course.
Exercise 3. Try to guess who or what is meant in the following definitions:
1. A first-year university student.
2. Someone who is in the third year at university or high school.
3. A member usu. of the lowest rank of a college or university faculty whose duties may include grading papers, supervising laboratories or teaching classes.
4. A faculty member in a college or university who ranks immediately bellow a professor and above an assistant professor.
5. A faculty member assigned to advise students on personal, academic and vocational matters.
6. A person on a university staff who provides counseling and consultation service to help in decisions regarding courses, majors, vocational plans, career opportunities and personal matters.
7. The entire teaching staff at an educational institution.
8. …consists of professors and instructors.
9. Department chairman.
10. The rank that corresponds to the British rank of readers or senior lecturers.
11. The head of the university.
12. The vice-president of the department.
13. A period of one year associated with the university activity;
14. The last date for a retake;
15. A period of time occupied by the exams;
16. A brief stopping of study;
17. One of the four parts of the academic year;
18. One or more days to read up for an examination;
19. A half-year, especially one of the two terms of the year in the colleges of Germany, USA and other countries.
20. A period of one year associated with the university activity;
21. The last date for a retake; 22. A period of time occupied by the exams; 23. A brief stopping of study; 24. One of the four parts of the academic year; 25. One or more days to read up for an examination; 26. A half-year, especially one of the two terms of the year in the colleges of Germany, USA and other countries. 27. An exercise, or a course of exercises, conducted as a coaching or as an examination; an examination consisting of a few short questions; 28. to go through a course of exercises, tasks, questions ect.; 29. to test carefully a person’s knowledge or ability; 30. Grade Point Average – a grade allowing to continue in school and to graduate; 31. To fail an exam or course of study; 32. To make somebody fail an exam; 33. To have to leave school or college because your work is not good enough; 34. To stop going to classes before finishing the course; 35. An exam or course with no mark given for it (the only thing the students are told about their performance is whether or not they have passed); 36. An exam or question in which you are given a list of answers and you have to choose the correct one; 37. A test demanding a short piece of writing on a particular subject; 38. The Scholastic Aptitude Test (in mathematics and verbal ability). The SAT is taken in the 11th grade of high school; 39. The Preparatory Scholastic Aptitude Test – a test to give students a warm-up exercise for the SAT and indicate their probable SAT scoring range; 40. An American College Testing program (in social and the natural studies). The ACT is taken when required by certain colleges or universities; 41. To make another attempt to pass an exam; 42. A person who has earned one of the highest academic degrees conferred by university usually by spending several years in advanced study of a specialized field by writing an acceptable dissertation and by passing numerous rigorous examination. 43. To take up an additional course for personal interest, not for a credit and to pay for it additionally. 44. Lengthy written essay submitted for a university degree. 45. Set of printed examination questions on a given subject. 46. To abandon or give up the course. 47. To request financial support, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a form; 48. A sum of money given especially by the government to a student for studies; 50. An amount of money given by a school, college, university or other organization to pay for the studies of a person with great ability but little money; 51. Any kind of work in summer at the college you study (to earn money); 52. The money paid for half a course; 53. The financial support given to a student; 54. The money paid for the whole course; 55. To fulfill the conditions for receiving financial support; 56. Money paid for studying; 56. Money paid for housing.
Exercise 4. Give the synonyms to the following words and word-combinations:
- Readers or senior lecturers
- The entire teaching staff
- A chairman of the university
- A chief of the department
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks:
Chance…or, a…istant dean, department ch…rman, fac…lty, assoc…te pro…essor, c…nselor, ten…re, ch…f, se….er, t..m, qua…, per…, …ak, dead….
Exercise 6. Match the words from the first column to the second one.
- A period of one year associated with the university activity;
- The last date for a retake;
- A period of time occupied by the exams;
- A brief stopping of study;
- One of the four parts of the academic year;
- One or more days to read up for an examination;
- A half-year, especially one of the two terms of the year in the colleges of Germany, USA and other countries
quarter;
Reading days/period;
Break/recess;
Semester/term;
Academic/school year;
Deadline;
Exam period/days
An exercise, or a course of exercises, conducted as a coaching or as an examination; an examination consisting of a few short questions; to go through a course of exercises, tasks, questions ect.; to test carefully a person’s knowledge or ability;
Grade Point Average – a grade allowing to continue in school and to graduate; to fail an exam or course of study; to make somebody fail an exam; to have to leave school or college because your work is not good enough; to stop going to classes before finishing the course; exam or course with no mark given for it (the only thing the students are told about their performance is whether or not they have passed); an exam or question in which you are given a list of answers and you have to choose the correct one; a test demanding a short piece of writing on a particular subject; the Scholastic Aptitude Test (in mathematics and verbal ability). The SAT is taken in the 11th grade of high school; the Preparatory Scholastic Aptitude Test – a test to give students a warm-up exercise for the SAT and indicate their probable SAT scoring range; an American College Testing program (in social and the natural studies). The ACT is taken when required by certain colleges or universities; to make another attempt to pass an exam;
GPA;
an essay test;
quiz;
SAT;
to flunk out; to retake an exam; to flunk a course;
PSAT; to take an exam;
to flunk somebody;
to give an exam;
a pass-fail test;
a multiple-choice test;
to retake an exam;
withdraw
- an amount of money given by a school, college, university or other organization to pay for the studies of a person with great ability but little money;
- money paid for housing;
- to request financial support, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a form;
- the money paid for the whole course;
- money paid for studying;
- a sum of money given especially by the government to a student for studies;
- to fulfill the conditions for receiving financial support;
- financial support given to a student;
- any kind of work in summer at the college you study (to earn money);
- the money paid for half a course;
Housing fees;
Full-time fees;
A college work-study job;
Scholarship;
Part-time fees;
Academic fees;
To apply for financial aid;
To be eligible for financial assistance;
Grants;
Student financial aid
Exercise 7. Correct the mistakes
Samester, querter, academec jear, ixam piriod, reeding deys, breek, deedline, discusion session, educational record, to majour, pass-failed course, cource, seminares, accademic class, elactive, to graduete.
Exercise 8. Complete the following word combinations.
Fall …; reading …; summer …; … recess; … year; … period a course…A-student…,a minor…,a student-teacher…,pass-fail course…,discussion session, to give an …; to … a course; an ... test; to ... out; to retake an …; to flunk …; a multiple-… test; a …-fail test; to drop …
Exercise 9. Explain the meaning of the following words and word-combinations:
a course
A-student
a minor a student-teacher pass-fail course discussion session a minor discussion session seminars a more academic class, usually with grad students
TEXT 1 The System of Higher Education in the USA.
There are two types of colleges and Universities in USA: state and private colleges (that are run by the church and private groups).Usually colleges receive money in three ways:
• Subsidized by the taxpayers,
• Donated by the private individuals;
• Due to the tuitions Even at state schools the tuition requirements exist but it's much lower that at private school.
Moreover, private individuals supply the money either to private or to state colleges just to help to run it. College itself has to have its own physical facilities (buildings, computers, chalk, faculty etc.) So the tuition (being very low) is not the very thing that supports it but only helps; thus private contributions and donations are to do it.
There are also so-called Summer schools that allow students to repeat the course they failed, to improve their grades or to get some additional skills. They are very popular with the foreigners who can get certain knowledge there.
The tuition for schooling is greatly variegated according to the college or university. It may be from 10000$ per year (Faulkner University) to 50000$ per year (Harvard University). But despite this, every student gets some sort of financial aid.
All schools provide scholarships (10%-50% of the whole tuition fee), which is very competitive and is of different kinds: general abilities, music, theatre or sport abilities etc.) Apart from this, since some time federal government has been loaning money to students.
Admission is very competitive as well. The most important skill is academic ability. There are two entrance tests for most American colleges- standardized tests (SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test), ACT (American College Testing Program)). Nevertheless, all colleges and Institutes acquire your being potential civil leader or your being getting well along with other people. A great importance has the financial state of the family as the credits are very expensive -300$ for each one. These are the dominant acquirements for the admission in American colleges.
Application pack of required papers:
• School tests (SAT, ACT, RYE (puzzles in Math, Geography), they are not free of charge;
• Educational record (a set of all marks and grades received during the high schooling), on special request;
• 2-3 recommendational letters from some schoolteachers to show how good you are.
There are different types of colleges in the USA. The term "college" refers to a school that specializes at only one subject area (mathematics, art...). While studying there a student may have 2-year degree - 72 credit hours per year (4 credit hours per week - 1 hour in the classroom and 3 hours for the study elsewhere). Most colleges usually have 3 credit hour courses per week. This is so-called associate degree, an introductory college degree.
Most schools have 4-year degree (132 credit hours for the whole course) and at the end of the study get a Bachelor's degree. Actually, it composes of 2 areas of study:
• General Study Courses (Core courses) gives you a background in a lot of different subjects (Grammar, Literature, History, Mathematics, Science, Bible, Music, Art, Physical Education, Computer Science, Psychology, Rhetoric etc.) At the end of it a student gets an associate degree (2 years of study = 72 hours). It's so-called Preliminary college.
• Major Field of Study (Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology, Physical Education, primary and secondary education, music, art etc.)
For example, the introductory course of History - overview - is the USA History (6 hours) and Western Civilization (6hours). Introductory courses don't require deep studies. The deepest are: * American Civil War (Reconstruction period); * Research Methods of History; * The History of the State (Alabama); * Philosophy of History (Theory of History, the changing of meaning of Historic events); * Courses in American Government; * Sociology and anthropology;
University is more than one college in the same campus and may include over 3000 students.
Colleges are of common structures - Arts and Sciences. Lectures are very few, the dominating is seminar (discussion on different subjects), very popular are topics for written projects.
For example, the Faulkner University includes:
Schools
Colleges
School of Arts and Sciences
Biblical studies B. degree (36 hours a week)
132 hours for year
Business
(45 semester hours)
M. degree
Law
(90 semester hours) Dr. Of Law
Most of the Universities in USA follow the same pattern, but some of them have much more schools in their campus.
Many schools have set admission standards. First of all students have to set their Syllabus – the individual academic program (students decide what subjects they wish to study and at what time) and to register for the next semester classes, state the dates to add some more classes or to drop some classes according to their abilities. They are to pass one final exam during the week at the end of the year and two or more midterm exams during the midterm week. Not the dean's office states the deadline, but professors have some liberties in setting exams and determine the number of them. During the session all grades come together and form a final grade. Tests and Written Papers are popular.
A-student (graduates with straight A/ with credit/ honours)
More advanced courses have 20 grades and more that 3 midterm exams and 1 final exam. In mostly every subject individual research is very important and compulsory. There even special subjects are provided about how to do researching and some courses are given specifically for research subjects.
As American Schooling is very competitive, teachers are usually required with terminal degree (Dr. of Philosophy) to teach at the college level in every school. But some teachers with Master's Degree can teach at college level as well. But those with terminal degree have 20% added to their salary. So, all colleges and Universities are very competitive to attract best students and best teacher. But great majority of Americans prefers to get only Bachelor degree.
2/3 of American students are occupied with part-time jobs, especially in summer, to pay their tuition fee. The most popular jobs are salesmen, in fast-food shops, assistants in elementary schools, day-care situations (relatively low-paid jobs).
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