Preview

Universal Genome in the Origin of Metazoa by Michael Sherman

Satisfactory Essays
Open Document
Open Document
333 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Universal Genome in the Origin of Metazoa by Michael Sherman
Rozel Benitez
November 15, 2009
Bio 111 MWF

Universal Genome in the Origin of Metazoa
By Michael Sherman

This article basically talks about the emergence of new complex system and the appearance of large taxons. It stated that during the Cambrian period which was around (510-550) Metozoan plyla emerged. The appearance of these plyla was said to be very random. In addition to this more advance forms were discovered called Crustaceae. Because of this information the scientist has came to a conclusion that Metazoa started way before Cambrian period. Although back than it was invisible. How did they get this idea? Well they got this based on the study of putative trace fossils. In addition there was frustration to this idea because they wondered why fossilizable forms of various phyla appeared almost simultaneously and wrong. This means that there was some mistake that the scientist has made with their hypothesis about the origin of Metazoa since the information did not fit like a puzzle. In addition it stated that “ It appears that there was no sequential appearance of the major Metazoan taxon from simpler to more complex phyl, as would be predicted by the classical evoluionary model” ( Sherman 3). There was also other questions that was raised relating to genomes of existing phyla. It said that when multicellular animals emerged it made a radical increase in genome complexity in gene number and appearance of entirely novel gene families. In addition the primitive roundwarm had about 19,000 genes, cnidaria with 20,000, and lastly the sea urchin with 24,000. It also stated that the families of genes are genes that has a relation with the body plans, organ development and cell-cell communications. This apparently means that the families of genes are very important because if that does not function well than we would not have some of the things we have in our body, or any living things body. Basically a lot of things contribute to living things

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    2.5 process and analyse information to construct a timeline of the main events that occurred during the evolution of life on earth…

    • 942 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    In George Mivart’s ‘Genesis of Species’, Mivart thoroughly reviews Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Mivart concludes that Darwin’s theory of natural selection is flawed because it cannot account for all of the mechanics of inheritance, specifically the initial developments of useful characteristics. He disputes that natural selection can account for the passing of negative or unnecessary traits, or for individualized traits occurring in only one species. He also asks how certain developments could occur without saltations, an idea absent in Darwin’s theories, but prominent in many of his contemporaries’. To illustrate these issues with natural selection, Mivart uses giraffes, insects that mimic other things in nature, fish, kangaroos, and whales as examples, which I will summarize below.…

    • 610 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Why Do Comb Jelly Exist

    • 763 Words
    • 4 Pages

    The discovery of the Comb jelly which was the first animal fossil was a shocking and unexpected event to most scientists in the world. Scientists had a specific view about evolution. They thought that organisms evolve from a simple state to a more complex state. But that was not the case for the comb jelly which unlike what scientist thought was a very complex specie. It was so complex that it had a nervous system and tissues. But that was not the only misconception that they had to face. Another problem was that scientist believed for so long that the sponge was the first animal fossil, but this discovery has changed the order of species in the tree of life. 
They could not find the date of when Comb jellies have first existed. But if there existence predates the existence of…

    • 763 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Europeans had been digging up strange-looking bones along lakebeds and riverbanks for hundreds of years before the 18th century (Strauss). Many of the finds confused the Europeans since they could not wrap their heads around where the bones were coming from. The intact skeleton of the marine reptile, Mosasaurus, was incredibly important as naturalist Georges Cuvier identified it as belonging to an extinct species (Strauss). From this point on, rational scientists realized they were dealing with creatures that lived and died millions of years before humans appeared on earth (Strauss). This lead to many scientists trying to answer questions about these ancient creatures, especially when they actually lived. Even still, less open-minded people stuck to a strict creationist viewpoint. Although there have been many fossil finds that would contradict what the Bible says about when they lived, God has already answered the questions for us with His word directly.…

    • 2378 Words
    • 10 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    Biology Final Review

    • 17056 Words
    • 69 Pages

    BSC2011C Final Review Unit 1 Review Ch. 25, 22, 23, 24, 26, 19, 27 Ch. 25 1. Life is metabolism and heredity. Metabolism is the mechanism that creates order and complexity from chaos, by acquiring and expending energy. Heredity is the ability of an organism to copy itself and it is broken down into: i. Multiplication, ii. Inheritance, iii. Variation. 2. DNA codes via RNA for 20 of naturally occurring amino acids. Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins and bodies. DNA stores and transmits hereditary information, but proteins do most of the work. DNA IS THE UNIVERSAL DIGITAL CODE FOR LIFE. To replicate and synthesize proteins, DNA relies on the pre-existence of protein molecules and RNA molecules. 3. RNA is the bridge between DNA and proteins, via mRNA for transcription and rRNA for translation. Thus, RNA can survive on its own while DNA relies on the existence of RNA and proteins, with them DNA is helpless. 4. The 4 points of “first life” are: 1. The Abiotic (non-living) synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides. 2. The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids. 3. The packing of these molecules into “protobionts,” droplets with membranes hat maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings. 4. The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible. 5. The first cells to develop occurred in this order: Monomers > Polymers > Protobionts > RNA ‘world’ > DNA protobionts > first cell. 6. Fossils are the evidence of life and evolution. Organisms trapped in sediment > remain mineralized with hard and soft parts. 7. Fossils can be dated by two methods: Radiometric dating & Magnetism. In Radiometric dating, the age is based on the decay of radioactive isotopes. A radioactive “parent” isotope decays to a “daughter” isotope at a constant rate. The rate of decay is expressed by the half-life, the time requires for 50% of the parent…

    • 17056 Words
    • 69 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Snowball Earth Lab Report

    • 750 Words
    • 3 Pages

    The hypothesis of Snowball Earth explores the possibility of the Earth’s surfaces having been frozen over during the Cryogenian period. The initial notion was thought to be from the glacial deposits which occurred around the world parallel to the same time frame. This led scientist to question whether the global freezing was the cause of this or polar glacial drift . Unfortuantley, the geologist’s theories are not in agreement with the palentologist’s model. It is a fact that if Earth was to freeze and become covered with multiple layers of ice sheets this would result in the single cell organism such as cynobacteria to have become extinct. If this was the case, then the Cambrian explosions which would have occurred after this even could not been explained. During the course of this essay, I will be analysing the geological evidence of Snowball Earth and the importance of evolution amongst complex life. Snowball Earth is the key to understanding the importance of this period as it is understood to be the trigger for multicellular evolution, which allowed the divierity of complex…

    • 750 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Observations- Throughout the lad we viewed many different organisims and many different traits. This lab takes a look at the three domains Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya, which contain animals, protists, fungi, bacteria, and plants. And throughout the lab we uncovered what makes each plant different and what makes each animal in a set kingdom different. The results of our observations were recorded and analyzed from the results that follow. Observations of species and their traits that came from either divergent or convergent evolution were recorded and analysis of each kingdom…

    • 2841 Words
    • 12 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Chapter 7 Evolution 1

    • 8836 Words
    • 56 Pages

    Happen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174…

    • 8836 Words
    • 56 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    ­ The examination of the DNA structure of organisms has shown the development from past organisms.…

    • 3915 Words
    • 16 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Up until 1947, it was believed that the Cambrian Explosion marked the first true abundance of multicellular life. However, this was discovered to be untrue after Sir Douglas Mawson and R.C. Sprigg mistakenly came across numerous "fossil jellyfish" in the Ediacara Hills while observing what was originally believed to be sandstones belonging to the lowest strata of the Cambrian. At first, these finding were dismissed as "fortuitous inorganic markings."(AAS Biographical Memoirs.) Several years later however, other discoveries of segmented worms, worm tracks, and impressions of two other assemblages that bear no resemblance to any known organism, living or extinct, prompted the South Australian Museum and the University of Adelaide to undertake…

    • 1195 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Text Books

    • 273 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Author: Hornsby Edition: 5th Copyright: 2011 Publisher: Pearson Education ISBN: 9780321708960 New: $214.75 Used: $161.25 New Rental: N/A Used Rental: N/A Choice Fossils and the History of Life History of Life Author: Cowen Edition: 4th…

    • 273 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Biology Quiz

    • 1235 Words
    • 5 Pages

    The diversity of life is nested into groups that are united and interrelated by their shared evolutionary histories.…

    • 1235 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Four Geological Eras

    • 743 Words
    • 3 Pages

    These one-celled organisms helped to make the air and water around the Earth full of oxygen, forming new life. Next, photosynthetic organisms became part of Earth by using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and releasing oxygen. The last life form to develop in this era were simple soft bodied animals, since soft bodies do not have vertebrates there are not many fossils as evidence from this era. Scientists know that one-celled organisms, photosynthetic organisms, and soft bodied animals were the first species on earth by the following information, “The amount of C-14 in any sample of carbon containing material can be found by measuring the level of radioactive decay, and comparing that with the decay rate observed in a carbon sample exposed to the continual mixing at the surface of the earth of C-12 and C-14 produced in the upper atmosphere. Using the ratio of C-14 to total carbon, one can determine the age of the sample.” As a culmination, carbon dating, examining index fossils, and using relative dating reveal to scientists the milestone of the first organisms in the Precambrian…

    • 743 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Life as not evolve suddenly from its primitive form to complex organism like it is observed today, changes have operated over large timescales. For example Homo sapiens is the result of 4 million years of evolution from the Australopithecus afarensis. Homo sapiens as seen on diagram 1.1 as evolved through many evolutionary stages before becoming what he is today. This scale of time shows us how life has evolved gradually over great amount of time and through different stages. From this fact of gradual evolution, each organism today has evolved, each one over great timescales. This has given them the chances to be exposed to possible changes in environment and population. These changes than have given life the possibility to have substantial changes in its biodiversity. Therefore it can be seen that life diversity before and today is influence by gradual changes over large timescales. This principle is called gradualism, it was used by Darwin to explain biological evolution and the principle was influence by Charles Lyell (1797-1875) uniformitarianism and James Hutton (1721-1797).…

    • 1552 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    In relation to richness in different life forms, Earth consists of about, or more than, 1.5 million different types of life forms. This proves the hypothesis of, “How present day forms of life arose from other forms of life over a considerable amount of time. As a result, biodiversity has increased throughout Earth’s history.” Another evidentiary fact is the “Lab22DiversityInTheFossilRecordData.xlsx,” which explains, and demonstrates different organisms that were discovered, and were given an estimated time they were living. A family by the name of “Tachyglossidae,” has been logged in the fossil record as supposedly living from seven million years ago, and last seen 100 years ago, were it had credibly been assumed as extinct.…

    • 528 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays