The identification of the melting point of the organic acid was done to find another characteristic of the acid and to test the purity of the recrystallized pure acid. A 2-4 mm layer of unknown sample was placed into a capillary tube sealed on one end. Then the capillary tube was inserted into the side a Bibby Sterlin device. The plateau was set to 200°C on the melting point apparatus. Once the plateau temperature was reached, the sample was watched carefully. When the sample first began to melt and when it was fully melted was recorded. These numbers were the range of the melting point. A slow melting point of the unknown organic acid and a standard sample was completed next. A new plateau was set about 10°C lower than the observed melting point of the unknown sample. This time once the plateau was reached, the heating was no more than 1°C per minute. This gave a much more accurate read of both melting points. If the standard did not melt in the range listed on the label of the bottle, that meant the machine was not working properly. The standard sample and the unknown organic acid melted in their appropriate ranges.…
The reactivity of alcohols can be accounted for by their molecular structure – particularly by the attachment of their hydroxyl functional group. The isomers of butanol are used as examples of 1°,2° and 3° alcohols to examine this relationship. Each of the three isomers of butanol will be mixed with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The presence of an alkyl halide product is indicated by cloudiness of the mixture, as the halides are only slightly soluble in water. This test indicates that a halogenation reaction has taken place. Each alcohol is also separately mixed with dilute potassium permanganate solution, which…
Procedure: Filled each test tube with substances provided and subjected them to various conditions. These conditions included, heat, cold water, hot water, acid and basic additions and tested on litmus paper. The reactions were observed and documented at each step.…
Eleven mystery test tubes labeled from K-1 to K-11 contained: 6M H2SO4, 6M NH3, 6M HCl, 6M NaOH, 1M NaCl, 1M Fe(NO3)3, 1M NiSO4, 1M AgNO3, 1M KSCN, 1M Ba(NO3)2, 1M Cu(NO3)2 respectively. The contents of the test tubes were determined by chemical experiments. Solution K-1 contained NiSO4 because when solution K-9, ammonia which was identified by its pungent odor, was added, an inky dark blue color was made. Iron (Fe (NO3)3) was determined to be in test tube K-2. KSCN was found in test tube K-11 since Fe (NO3)3 and KSCN makes a bloody color when mixed together. Flame tests were conducted in which K-8 burned green which identifies Cu(NO3)2, and the solution from test K-10 burned yellow orange which indicates NaCl. Solution from test tube K-5 turned red litmus paper to blue which indicates a strong base (NaOH). Solutions in test tubes K-4 and K-6 are both strong acids which turned blue litmus paper to blue. Silver nitrate (K-7) produces precipitate with both acids and Barium nitrate can only produce precipitate with H2SO4 and it remains clear in HCl, K-3 precipitated with K-4 but did nothing with K-6, which proves that K-4 is H2SO4 and K-6 is HCl.…
The purpose of Module 11A was to test for the presence or absence of a particular set of functional groups through the use of wet chemical tests. In this manner, Unknown A which was a colorless solution, was first tested with 2,4-DNP which after mixing for a few seconds formed a bright yellow precipitate. Although this confirms the presence of either a ketone or aldehyde group, one simple chemical test does not completely specify the presence or absence of other functional groups. Therefore, a second test was made in order to test for the presence of alkyl halides (R-Br or R-I specifically). However, after the addition of alcoholic silver nitrate, AgNO3 (test #2) to a few drops of the unknown, the mixture remained colorless and no precipitate formed. Following this, the third test was performed in…
The objective of the Reducing Sugar Test was to test if the substance has a reducing sugar in it by adding Benedict’s solution and heating it, there would be a color change if a reducing sugar is present, or it will remain blue (no reducing sugar). The objective of the Starch test was to test for starch in substances by using Iodine. The iodine will cause a substance to turn to a dark blue color if it is positive for starch. The objective for the Grease Spot Test was to test if the substance had a lipid. A positive reaction would make a translucent grease mark on a brown paper bag. The objective for the Dye test was to test for lipids. When mixed with water and the tested substance, a positive result will occur in it being separated from the water. The objective of the Protein Test was to test for proteins present in a substance using the Biuret Solution. The substance should produce a violet color within 10 drops of Biuret. The objectives of the Spit Lab were to test for starch, a reducing sugar, and effect of amylase on a cracker that is positive for starch and negative for a reducing sugar. Iodine would test if starch was present if the cracker solution changes to a dark black/blue color. Benedict’s Solution mixed with the cracker and heated would test for a reducing sugar (if reducing sugar, it will turn from a green to an orange to a dark brownish color). The amylase was tested on a Triscuit cracker by heating it in Benedict’s Solution, the amount would make it either a green, or orange, and the most amounts would make it brown as mine and my partner’s results.…
In the Cannizaro reaction an aldehyde is simultaneously reduced into its primary alcohol form and also oxidized into it 's carboxylic acid form. The purpose of this experiment is to isolate, purify and identify compounds 1 and 2 which contain 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, methanol, and aqueous potassium hydroxide. Compounds 1 and 2 are purified by crystallization. . The purified product will be characterized by IR spectroscopy and melting point.…
The purpose of this lab was to use gas chromatography to determine the relative amounts of the three components of gas products from the dehydration reaction of 1- and 2-Butanol with sulfuric acid and the dehydrobromination reaction of 1- and 2-Bromobutane with potassium tert-butoxide.…
Identifying this organic acid was an extensive task that involved several different experiments. Firstly, the melting point had to be determined. Since melting point can be determined to an almost exact degree, finding a close melting point of the specific unknown can accurately point to the identification of the acid. In this case the best melting point range was 207-209 degrees Celsius. Melting point, while very helpful in identifying an unknown organic acid, is simply not enough. Next, a series of titration experiments had to be done. In the first series, a titration is completed of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with KHP. Three reps were completed and the resulting data led to the finding of the molarity of the sodium hydroxide. The second part of the titration series involved titrating the same prepared sodium hydroxide solution with Hydrochloric Acid (HCL). This is how the molarity of the HCL was determined. The last part to the titration series was necessary to determine the equivalent weight of the acid. The equivalent weight for this unknown was calculated to be ~197 g/mol H+ Once these titration series experiments were complete, enough data is accumulated to complete a computer search. Based on the results of the computer search the next experiment involved conducting at least one trial of pKa and, since the results contained acids that had N,Cl,Br, or S, chemical testing by sodium fusion had to completed. With all of this information combined, it was then simple to correctly identify the organic acid unknown.…
You most likely definitely realize that you ought to eat more organic product, since it is loaded with vitamins as well as hostile to oxidants. The genuine issue is that eating organic product regularly implies expending a ton of sugar and on the off chance that you are consuming less calories; you are presumably attempting to maintain a strategic distance from that. Along these lines, in the event that you have found out about Unadulterated Raspberry Ketone as an eating regimen supplement, then here is some data that can help you to stay away from this scrape.…
Caproic acid a.k.a n-hexanoic acid is a carboxylic acid derived from hexane which has the general formula C5H11COOH. It is a colorless oily liquid with a really pungent odor associated with goats. Caproic acid was synthesized in a multi-step process which produced three intermediates - diethyl n-butylmalonate, potassium n-butylmalonate, and n-butyl maonic acid. The synthesis of caproic acid involved alkylation, saponification, and decarboxylation reactions.…
In this lab the testing of whether or not a substance was an acid or a base occurred. Each substance was tested with the indicators red litmus paper, blue litmus paper, pH paper, phenolthalein, bromthymol blue, and phenol red. While the substances were tested the group noticed that the substances tested with the red and blue litmus paper, the phenolthatein, bronthmol blue were the easiest to interpret. The color changes that occurred when this indicator was put into a substance made it really obvious whether or not the substance was an acid or a base. Especially, the magenta color that the phenolthalein turned in the presence of a base really made the substance easy to interpret.…
Aldehydes can be oxidized easily to carboxylic acids in aqueous medias and could cause over-oxidization…
Protecting biological diversity is defined based on analyzing the cladistic information. In this lab the null hypothesis was examined through interpreting constructed cladograms. A cladogram of five mammalian species include domestic dog (canis familiaris), the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), the domestic horse (Equus caballus), the domestic cat (Felis cattus) and the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianusis is generated based on the morphological feathers of these mammalian species’ skulls and other anatomical and physiological characteristics. The cladogram of five mammalian species rejects the null hypothesis since these species display the distribution of derived character states. Another cladogram of nine bears of American black bear was constructed using mitochondrial DNA and was interpreted based on the hypothesis of the evolution of these subspecies during the past glaciations. Also, the null hypothesis of mtDNA cladogram found to be rejected. That strongly support the earlier hypothesis that large islands have served as a glacial refugium for these black bears. Protecting more ancient networks areas, which estimated by the branch lengths, on the mtDNA cladogram is a more efficient method since these networks represent overall phylogenetic diversity and maximizing phylogenetic diversity.…
In this experiment, hydroxyl- or carbonyl- containing samples were given to the group for examination. The samples were analyzed through different tests namely the involvement of the solubility of alcohols in water, the Lucas Test, the Chromic Acid Test or also known as Jones Oxidation, the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) Test, the Fehling’s Test, the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test, and the Iodoform Test. The solubility of alcohols in water test showed that the sample, benzyl alcohol was immiscible while ethanol was the most miscible from all the other compounds used. While in Lucas Test which was used to differentiated the primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols had turned tert-butyl alcohol into a cloudy solution afterwards. In Chromic Acid Test which was a test for oxidizable compounds or any compounds that possess reducing property would yield to a blue green solution if it reacted positively. This was seen in all the sample used in this test except for acetone. Whereas Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) Test was preformed to test for aldehydes and ketones which would result to a yellow orange precipitate if it was positively reacted. All the compounds subjected to this test namely…