Urinary System
I. Objectives A. Define energetics and metabolism and explain why cells must synthesize new organic components. B. Differentiate between the absorptive and postabsorptive metabolic states, and summarize the characteristics of each. C. List the metabolic processes of the liver. D. Summarize the mechanisms of lipid transport and distribution. E. Discuss the use of proteins as an energy source. F. Define metabolic rate, discuss the factors involved in determine an individual’s BMR, and discuss the homeostatic mechanisms that maintain a constant body temperature.
Energetics –Is the flow of energy and its changes from one form to I. another
II. Metabolism - Refers to all chemical reactions in an organism
A. Introduction to Terms –
1. Anabolism – Is the synthesis of new organic molecules,is an “uphill” process that forms new chemical bonds.
III. chemical bonds
1. Catabolism – Is the breakdown of organic substrates, Releases energy used to synthesize high-energy compounds (e.g., ATP)
ATP – • Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Is the generation of ATP
• Within mitochondria
• In a reaction requiring coenzymes and oxygen
• Produces more than 90% of ATP used by body
• Results in 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
• Electron Transport System (ETS)
• Is the key reaction in oxidative phosphorylation
• Is in inner mitochondrial membrane
• Electrons carry chemical energy
• Within a series of integral and peripheral proteins
• Oxidation, Reduction, and Energy Transfer
• Oxidation (loss of electrons)
• Electron donor is oxidized
• Reduction (gain of electrons)
• Electron recipient is reduced
• The two reactions are always paired
• Energy Transfer
• Electrons transfer energy
• Energy performs physical or chemical work (ATP formation) • Electrons
• Travel through series of oxidation–reduction reactions • Ultimately combine with oxygen to form water
• Coenzymes
• Play key role in
Energetics –Is the flow of energy and its changes from one form to I. another
II. Metabolism - Refers to all chemical reactions in an organism
A. Introduction to Terms –
1. Anabolism – Is the synthesis of new organic molecules,is an “uphill” process that forms new chemical bonds.
III. chemical bonds
1. Catabolism – Is the breakdown of organic substrates, Releases energy used to synthesize high-energy compounds (e.g., ATP)
ATP – • Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Is the generation of ATP
• Within mitochondria
• In a reaction requiring coenzymes and oxygen
• Produces more than 90% of ATP used by body
• Results in 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
• Electron Transport System (ETS)
• Is the key reaction in oxidative phosphorylation
• Is in inner mitochondrial membrane
• Electrons carry chemical energy
• Within a series of integral and peripheral proteins
• Oxidation, Reduction, and Energy Transfer
• Oxidation (loss of electrons)
• Electron donor is oxidized
• Reduction (gain of electrons)
• Electron recipient is reduced
• The two reactions are always paired
• Energy Transfer
• Electrons transfer energy
• Energy performs physical or chemical work (ATP formation) • Electrons
• Travel through series of oxidation–reduction reactions • Ultimately combine with oxygen to form water
• Coenzymes
• Play key role in