WHAT IS URINE
is a liquid by-product of the body secreted by
the kidneys through a process called urination(or micturition) and excreted through the urethra.
Kidney’s waste from protein metabolism
urination - the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body.
Dark yellow urine is often indicative of dehydration.
Yellowing/light orange may be caused by removal of excess B
vitamins from the bloodstream.
Certain medications such as rifampin and phenazopyridine can cause orange urine.
Bloody urine is termed hematuria, a symptom of a wide variety of medical conditions.
Dark orange to brown urine can be a symptom of jaundice, rhabdomyolysis, or Gilbert's syndrome.
Black or dark-colored urine is referred to as melanuria and may be caused by a melanoma.
Pinkish urine can result from the consumption of beets.
Greenish urine can result from the consumption of asparagus.
Reddish or brown urine may be caused by porphyria (not to be confused with the harmless, temporary pink or reddish tint caused by beeturia).
Blue urine can be caused by the ingestion of methylene blue (e.g., in medications). Blue urine stains can be caused by blue diaper syndrome.
Purple urine may be due to purple urine bag syndrome.
NORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE
ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
A. UREA
Most important nitrogenous constituents
80% - 90% is in the form of urea
Urea nitrogen is a waste product resulting
from the breakdown of protein in the body.
Normal values range from 12 to 20 grams per 24 hours.
B. URIC ACID
End product of purine metabolism in man.
Uric acid is usually present in the urine as urates C. CREATININE
Anhydride of creatine
Present in urine in quite constant amounts
D. HIPPURIC ACID
- Combination of benzoic acid and glycinee.
Composition of urine (picture)
Things that affect composition of urine
1. Nutritional status
2. Metabolic Process
3. Status of kidney
Volume
- Normal adult excretes betweem 1200 1500mL in