Verification of Bernoulli’s Energy Equation
EXPERIMENT : - 2
EXPERIMENT Verification of Bernoulli’s Energy Equation
THEORY
For steady incompressible flow Bernoulli’s energy equation along a streamline is written as
[pic] constant
where
[pic] = pressure, [pic] = velocity and [pic] = height from datum
Purpose of this experiment is to verify this expression. In the special apparatus the pipe is tapered with the cross section decreasing in the direction of flow first and then increasing in the second half of its length.
Hydraulic Grade Line
The line which shows the sum of pressure head (p/() and the potential head z (i.e., p/(+z) is called the Hydraulic Grade Line.
Energy Grade Line
The line obtained by plotting the sum of pressure, elevation and velocity heads (i.e., p/(+z+V2/2g) along the pipe is called the Energy Grade Line.
[pic]
Figure BC4.1 Bernoulli’s Apparatus
OBJECTIVE
Verification of Bernoulli’s Equation.
APPARATUS
Bernoulli’s apparatus (refer to Figure BC4.1), stop watch, scale, measuring tank.
PROCEDURE
1. Measure cross section of pipe at inlet point, throat (mid section and outlet point). From this determine the cross section areas a to a at each piezometer tapping.
2. Start the water supply .The head under which the flow occurs can be regulated by a valve at B. Adjust the flow so that velocity is small.
3. Observe the piezometers to see if steady state is established. When steady state is reached, record all the piezometer levels and water levels in tanks A and B.
4. Collect water in measuring tank over a time t measuring initial and final levels (hi and hf).
5. Increase the flow rate and repeat from step 3 onwards 3 - 4 times.
DATA SHEET
Diameter of cross sections a)…………………….
b)…………………….
c)…………………….l
d)……………………..
e)……………………..
f)………………………
OBSERVATION TABLE 1
EXPERIMENT Verification of Bernoulli’s Energy Equation
THEORY
For steady incompressible flow Bernoulli’s energy equation along a streamline is written as
[pic] constant
where
[pic] = pressure, [pic] = velocity and [pic] = height from datum
Purpose of this experiment is to verify this expression. In the special apparatus the pipe is tapered with the cross section decreasing in the direction of flow first and then increasing in the second half of its length.
Hydraulic Grade Line
The line which shows the sum of pressure head (p/() and the potential head z (i.e., p/(+z) is called the Hydraulic Grade Line.
Energy Grade Line
The line obtained by plotting the sum of pressure, elevation and velocity heads (i.e., p/(+z+V2/2g) along the pipe is called the Energy Grade Line.
[pic]
Figure BC4.1 Bernoulli’s Apparatus
OBJECTIVE
Verification of Bernoulli’s Equation.
APPARATUS
Bernoulli’s apparatus (refer to Figure BC4.1), stop watch, scale, measuring tank.
PROCEDURE
1. Measure cross section of pipe at inlet point, throat (mid section and outlet point). From this determine the cross section areas a to a at each piezometer tapping.
2. Start the water supply .The head under which the flow occurs can be regulated by a valve at B. Adjust the flow so that velocity is small.
3. Observe the piezometers to see if steady state is established. When steady state is reached, record all the piezometer levels and water levels in tanks A and B.
4. Collect water in measuring tank over a time t measuring initial and final levels (hi and hf).
5. Increase the flow rate and repeat from step 3 onwards 3 - 4 times.
DATA SHEET
Diameter of cross sections a)…………………….
b)…………………….
c)…………………….l
d)……………………..
e)……………………..
f)………………………
OBSERVATION TABLE 1