in society through the use of values within action (Lewis, 1944). Lacking possession of morals and virtues, or being unwilling, skew the validity of Practical Reasoning, which is a failure to the progress who you are and who you will grow into. I feel I could not properly discuss Aristotle’s Responsibility and Primary Virtues of Characters without introducing C.S. Lewis as well.
Let’s make it clear that choice and desire are two very different things.
Choice, as mentioned, is virtuous whereas desire is not. This is a worthwhile distinction since desire is guided by the result of pleasure and pain because you have either received what you have desired, or did not, causing disappointment (Ethics, III, 1111b, 10). Either way, desire has an expiration date of enjoyment, since it only leads to wanting of more or desperation to gain more. Choice is different since you are not being guided by pleasant or pain, but by the virtuous decision of your actions. Aristotle concluded this point by stating “... choice is involved with reason and thinking things through” (Ethics, III, 1112a, 10). C.S. Lewis clarifies Aristotle’s point of reason and thinking, but takes it further by addressing the threat of these instincts being frequent actions resulting in dispassion and the illusion of a virtuous life. If man is to view life subjectivity, under the terms of other men, then your actions of will no longer be willing, but value-less (Lewis, 1944). The ideals of Aristotle’s Primary Virtues permits having success in your individual, familial, and societal life, all of which are aspects of leadership and
direction.