Vowels Sounds

Phonetics Symbols

English Speech Sounds: Vowel Sounds
Front Vowels
1. / i: / ي - it is found in the words like; eat, tea, seen (long high front spread vowel)
2. / ɪ / - it is found in the words like; bit, pin, silly (short high front spread vowel)
3. /e/ - it is found in the words like; bet, tent, head (short mid front spread vowel).
4. / æ / - cat, fat, dad (short low front spread vowel).

Central Vowels
5. /ɜ:/ ۀ - (Position: Central, Lips: Neutral, Long vowel); this may also be shown by the symbol /ə:/. The words like; burn, firm have this sound.
6. /ə/ - (Position: Central, Lips: Neutral, Short vowel). The words like about, ago, banana, etc, have this sound. This is sometimes known as schwa, or the neutral vowel sound - it never occurs in a stressed position.
7. /ʌ/ - (Position: Central, Lips: Neutral, Short Vowel). The words like; cut, nut have this sound. This vowel is quite uncommon among speakers in the Midlands and further north in Britain.
Back Vowels
8. / u: / - (Position Tongue: Back, Lips: Rounded, long vowel) The words like; route, glue, shoe, etc, have this sound.
9. / ʊ / - (Position Tongue: Back, Lips: Rounded, short vowel); also shown by /u/ . The words like; put, shook, look, etc, carry this sound.
10. /ɔ:/ - (Position Tongue: Back Lips: Rounded, long vowel) also shown by /o:/. The words like; law, saw, royal, etc, carry this sound.
11. /ɒ/ - (Position Tongue: Back Lips: Rounded, short vowel), it is also shown by /o/.
The words like; dog, rotten, lock, etc, have this sound.
12. /ɑ:/ - (Position Tongue: Back, Lips: Spread long vowel). The words like; hard, far, cart, etc, carry this sound.

Diphthongs

13 ؤ /əʊ/ : Go, so, low, row, host, most, post
14 ئ /ɑɪ/ : I, hi, high, my, by, bye, sky, line
15 ې /eɪ/ : say, may, day, race, face, fate, faith
16 /ɔɪ/ : Oil, soil, coil, foil, boil, royal, loyal
17 و /ɑʊ/: now, how, cow, bow, howl, bowl
18 /ɪə/: Peer, sheer, tear, near, clear, pear
19 /eə/: Pair, fair, mare, dare, care, rare
20 /ʊə/: Poor, tour, doer, lower, rower

http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng/phono.htm

Consonant Sounds
1. /p/ پ : part, appeal, stop, pop, pea, apparent, appear
2. /b/ ب : ball, above, sob, bee, bean, bubble, bat, bin
3. /t/ ٹ : tea, stop, taught, tit, tat, treat, train, taught
4. /d/ ڈ : Day, adding, sad, dad, day, sad, sod, dear, deer
5. /k/ ک : Key, sky, soak, cake, call, kite, kick, oak, coal
6. /g/ گ : got, stagger, log, guitar, hug, go, goggle, gate
7. / tʃ / چ : Church, searching, torch, chain, charity, chin, itch
8. / dʒ / ج : Judge, suggest, urge, judgement, jungle, digestion
9. /f/ ف : Fan, soft, safe, fool, feel, thief, officer, face, fee
10. /v/ : Vision, revolve, solve, van, video, vest, vast, volume
11. /θ/ ث : Think, cathedral, cloth, thing, thin, thief, theatre, thistle
12. /ð/ ﺫ : They, clothes, breathe, thee, that, there, these, thou, thy
13. /s/ س : Sea, asking, toss, so, soon, sit, satire, seep, sustain
14. /z/ ﺯ : Zoo, bizarre, ease, Czar, zigzag, zebra, zee, ozone
15. /ʃ/ ش : Shoe, cashier, cash, shower, show, sheer, share, she
16. /ʒ/ ژ : Visual, measure, leisure, mirage, collage, bourgeois
17. /m/ م : Mummy, summary, calm, Miami, mob, mass, mask
18. /n/ ن : Nun, snatch, Son, no, nail, kneel, near, narrow, now
19. /ŋ/ ‍گ‍‍ : Engage, singing, ring, thing, sting, string, bring, wing
20. /r/ ﺭ : Rare, surrender, tower, row, reap, reel, ripe, route
21. /l/ ل : Love, Lull, Loyal, Appeal, leaf, letter, look, loaf, light
22. /h/ ه : Home, house, heal, heel, hollow, hit, hair, hear, here
23. /j/ ی : Yet, yes, yellow, yell, yap, Europe, euro, yen, university
24. /w/ و : Water, wow, why, where, wheel, when, watch, weep
25. /ts/ څ ﺲ : Assonance.

(By Saleem Khan)
Articulation of Fricatives
Robert Mannell
During the articulation of the fricatives the following sequence of events occurs:-
1. If it is not already closed, the velum closes. This closure is necessary because without the closure of the nasal cavity too much air escapes through the nose and air pressure is not sufficient to force enough air through the fricative opening. This would result in inaudible or weak frication.
2. The oral tract is almost closed at the place of articulation. A small opening is maintained to permit turbulent airflow.
3. During the oral occlusion air continues to be expelled from the lungs. The vocal folds might be together and vibrating (to produce a voiced sound source) or might not be. Air pressure builds up behind the fricative opening and air is forced through the opening at sufficient velocity to create turbulence and audible noise.
4. When the fricative phoneme is finished, the partial oral closure may be released, unless this is prevented by the requirements of the next phoneme.
5. The active articulator continues to move towards its target for the next phoneme. The velum is free to open now, unless this is prevented by the requirements of the next phoneme.