Watergate Scandal
Describe and Discuss an Episode of Significant Investigative Journalism and Analyse What Impact This May Have Had
In this essay I am going to look at the significance of the Watergate scandal and the effects that it had on America. I will also discuss what the importance of investigative journalism is and the role that it has in society. The chain of events known as Watergate was an American political scandal in the 1970’s which ultimately led Richard Nixon to resign as president of the United States. The effects of the Watergate scandal did not end with the resignation of President Nixon, the general public lost trust in the government and are therefore a lot more suspicious of political candidates. Although the most important change …show more content…
in regards to journalism to come from the Watergate scandal was the amendments of the Freedom of Information Act and the rise in investigative journalism which allowed journalists to break boundaries and uncover information on the government for the benefits of democracy. To help me demonstrate the points that I make throughout this essay I am going to use evidence such as a range of media texts, polls and data.
Investigative journalism is a specific type of journalism where journalists invest their time and effort into uncovering scandals and detect violations of laws, rules or norms of decency. Investigative journalists will conduct thorough research to ensure that their information is accurate and is of great interest to the general public. “It is not enough for journalists to see themselves as mere messengers without understanding the hidden agendas of the message and the myths that surround it.” (Pilger, 1998, pg .4)
People in power, such as the government can easily abuse that power. They can be corrupt, break laws and commit crimes that can seriously affect the general public, if investigative journalism didn’t exist corruption wouldn’t be exposed which would hugely affect our society.
The public have the right to know about the society in which they live in and the right to know about any decisions being made that may affect them, it is an investigative journalist’s job to uncover these secrets for the benefit of public interest.
Compared to past methods of investigative journalism, the rise in today’s technology and social media has changed the way in which investigative reporters find out their information.
New technology has enabled information to be shared globally, therefore reporter’s are able to use the internet to get hints and help with fact checking through the use of social media websites such as Facebook and Twitter. Social media has offered journalist’s new ways of contacting sources and accessing information all over the world, reporters are able to inform the public about their investigation and ask them for hints on the subject. Aside from the use of social media, a huge amount of statistical information is available on the internet as part of the Open Data agenda, which investigative journalists can access to research into particular issues. New technology available to investigative journalists has arguably allowed them to carry out their investigations in a much more time efficient way, mobile devices and IPads allow journalist’s to keep in touch with the world as well as research into certain topics anywhere in the world.
Investigative Journalism is important to society because it ensures that individuals and institutions whose purpose is to serve the public remain exposed to avoid corruption, injustice and lies. They work to ensure that any secrets that may cause harm to society are exposed and jousted into the public
light.
It wasn’t until the 1960’s and 1970’s that investigative journalism became a key term used to describe the methods that journalists used to uncover scandals. It was during this time that the Watergate investigation led by journalists Bob Woodward and Carn Bernstein was uncovered to the world.
Watergate was an American political scandal which resulted in the resignation of President Richard Nixon. The affair was named after the Watergate Complex in Washington D.C., where the scandal took place. During the time that Richard Nixon was running for re-election, a burglary occurred at the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee inside the Watergate Complex. Following the incident five men were arrested for breaking and entering, they were later charged along with two other men for conspiracy, burglary and violation of federal wiretapping laws.
After further investigations took place by the FBI, the press and the Senate Watergate Committee it was revealed that the break-in was one of several illegal activities that were carried out by Richard Nixon’s staff. The illegal activities included campaign fraud, illegal break-ins, illegal wiretapping and improper tax audits enable to obtain information that could be used against Democrats in the upcoming elections.
It was also uncovered that President Nixon was withholding tapes that proved he was guilty, when the tapes finally surfaced a lot of the content had been removed which destroyed evidence linking the criminals to Nixon. Although after being forced to hand over the tapes by the U.S. Supreme Court Richard Nixon resigned as president, and therefore became the only U.S. President to resign from the office, indicating his guilt of the offence.
The whole scandal led by President Nixon and his attempt to cover his tracks using laundered money, proved his dishonesty and labelled him corrupt. Nixon abused his power for political purposes which resulted in Americans losing trust in their political leaders.
However the uncovering of the Watergate Scandal has proved to be important for the benefits of society. In order to prevent further abuse to the system new laws were regulated that led to extensive changes in political finance and stricter ethical codes to amend the Freedom of Information Act in 1986.
The Washington Post and its investigative journalists Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein helped to uncover the Watergate Scandal with the aid of a secret source called “Deep Throat”.
Woodward and Carl Bernstein teamed up to report on the Watergate scandal after several meetings with Deep Throat who had inside knowledge of the White House. The reporters published several stories about the involvement of Nixon administration officials in the burglary of the National Committee Headquarters. Whereas other newspapers failed to report any further on the scandal, Woodward and Bernstein continued to investigate.
Bob Woodward and Bernstein would rely on finding information by tracking phone numbers in one of the burglar’s address books, which allowed them to trace it back to the White House consultant. They carried out thorough investigation by scouring through telephone records to confirm the burglar’s calls to the White House and they also traced a check in one burglar’s bank account to the CRP. During their investigation they would obtain information from hundreds of sources connected to the White House by promising their anonymity. Investigative journalism proved to be a lot of hard work, instead of interviewing a few sources; they would talk to hundreds of people and search through thousands of public and private records to carry out their investigation.
The journalist’s stories, the Watergate trials and several rulings by the chief judge for the U.S District Court, John Sirica formulated into televised hearings in the U.S. Senate about the break-in. The public announcement of the events allowed the nation to become aware of the administration cover-up of the break-in and the secret White House operation that engaged in political spying and burglary. The committee also uncovered the secret White House tape recordings that sparked a major political and legal battle between the Congress and the President. The hearings resulted in impeachment proceedings by the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives, although before the full house voted on whether the president was found guilty, President Nixon resigned.
Following the uncovering of the Watergate Scandal it was adamant that a free press was necessary to protect democracy, which led to the Freedom of Information Act of 1986 being amended to give public the rights to information being held by the Government.
The Watergate Scandal proved to affect the general public’s trust in the government and therefore made them more suspicious of the system. The public’s increasing distrust of the government is supported by survey evidence, which demonstrates the drastic drop in public trust.
The results of the survey in table 2 shows evidence of a gradual increase of trust in the government displayed by the public as the senate hearings progressed; with the major increase occurring just after the Watergate Scandal was revealed. Between June and August 1973 there was a significant increase in the public’s distrust for the government and they were more inclined to believe that certain people running the government were crooked.
The Scandal resulted in the general public’s typical behaviour and attitudes towards the political system to change on a long term basis, especially during the 1974 election campaign. Evidence of this is shown in Table 1 where the public’s trust in Richard Nixon dramatically declined. The survey asked respondents in 1974 how they would have responded to the question if they had known what they know now about the Watergate Scandal. Following the replay question it is apparent that Nixon’s support amongst the older voters almost reached the low levels of younger voters by 1974. It is also apparent that by 1974 the younger generation had lost interest in politics and as a result of this they were less likely to vote during elections. The aftermath of the Watergate Scandal began with Gerald Ford stepping in as President, following Richard Nixon’s resignation on August 9th, 1974. Gerald Ford became the first President of the United States who was not elected by the public. Less than thirty days after taking the oath of office Ford issued a pardon to Richard Nixon during a television broadcast which proved to cause a lot of controversy. Although George Ford claimed that he did it in the best interest of the nation, the decision to excuse Nixon of his offenses caused uproar in the media and arguably destroyed Ford’s credibility.
George Ford’s role as President ended in the 1976 elections as Jimmy Carter took his place. Carter was seen as the anti-Nixon, which is what the voters wanted. Needless to say, Carter didn’t live up to the voter’s expectations and the economy collapsed, which therefore resulted in the American public voting him out of office in 1981.
American’s distrust in the government following the Watergate Scandal led to a decrease in voting. As table Fig 1.1 shows the percentage of voting dropped by 4.5% from 1972 to the 1976/1980 elections. It was during this time that Ronald Reagan won the presidential elections with 51% of the vote.
The significance of the Watergate Scandal saw following political scandals termed “-gate”. Shortly after Ronald Reagan’s reign to presidency another scandal came to light when the Iran-Contra affair, often referred to as “Irangate” was revealed in 1986. The U.S political scandal saw senior administration officials authorize sales of military weapons to Iran in an attempt to regain their power and have the 52 American citizens being held captive by Pro-Iranian terrorist groups released. Approximately thirty million dollars was recorded as being received from the Iranians in exchange for the weapons, although it was revealed that a huge majority of the money gained from selling weapons to Iran was used to support American contras in Nicaragua. The scandal was revealed to the public through a Lebanese newspaper, and although Ronald Reagan took responsibility for the Iranian arms deals, he denied any knowledge of what was occurring in Nicaragua. The scandal resulted in Ronald Reagan’s loss of credibility as his approval ratings dropped from 67% to 46% in November 1986, according to a New York Times/CBS News Poll.
It has been discussed that the significance of the Watergate Scandal impacted the American’s trust in the government and voting habits and that investigative journalism is of great importance to uncover lies and corruption and protect the public by supplying them with information about the society that they are living in. It has also been discussed that the rise of the internet and new technologies has changed the way in which investigative journalism operates, allowing reporters to connect to a worldwide audience. Although the single most important factor to learn from the Watergate Scandal is the amendments of the Freedom of Information Act of 1986, this in turn allowed the general public the rights to information that was being held by the Government to further protect democracy.
References:
Becker, L. Brown, J. Mcleod, J. Ziemke, D. (1977). Decline and Fall at the Whitehouse. Available: http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/67471/10.1177_009365027700400101.pdf?sequence=2.
Cosgrove-Mather, B. (2009). A Look Back At The Polls. Available: http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500160_162-621632.html.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (2013). Iran-Contra Affair. Available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293519/Iran-Contra-Affair.
Epstein, E. Did the Press Uncover Watergate?. Available: http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/watergate.htm.
Gaines, W. (2003). Who Was Deepthroat? . Available: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Who_Was_Deep_Throat.html.
Hanson, N. (2009). What is investigative journalism?. Available: http://www.journalismfund.eu/what-investigative-journalism.
Hunter, M. (2011). Story Based Inquiry: A Manual For Investigative Journalism. Available: http://www.storybasedinquiry.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Manual-Story-Based-Inquiry.pdf.
Keko, D. (2011). Watergate 's impact on modern America. Available: http://www.examiner.com/article/watergate-s-impact-on-modern-america.
Lader, C (2009). Painless American History. 2nd ed. New York: Barrons Educational Series Inc. p235 - 236.
Lipset, S. Schneider, W. The Confidence Gap During the Reagan Years, 1981-1987. Available:http://www.planethan.com/drupal/sites/default/files/The%20Confidence%20Gap%20during%20the%20Reagan%20Years%201981%201987%20%20By%20Lipset%20Seymour%20Martinand%20Schneider%20William%20Political%20Science%20Quarterly%20Spring87%20%20Vol%20102%20Issue%201%20%20p1%2023p.pdf.
Mielk, S. (2003). Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein: An Inventory of Their Watergate Papers at the Harry Ransom Center. Available: http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00365.xml.
NyTimes. (2012). Did Any Good Come of Watergate?. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/06/13/did-any-good-come-of-watergate.
Pbs. (2012). The Iran-Contra Affair. Available: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/reagan-iran/.
Pilger, J (1998). Hidden Agendas. London: Vintage. Pg 4.
Robinson, J. (1974). Public Opinion During the Watergate Crisis. Available: http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/67551/10.1177_009365027400100404.pdf;jsessionid=D70926D8A931D410821C4A5305CEB655?sequence=2.
Silberberg, N. (2007). Why Was Gerald Ford President? . Available: http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/461921/jewish/Why-was-Gerald-Ford-President.htm.
Ssdan. (2013). Trends In Voter Turnout. Available: http://www.ssdan.net/sites/default/files/briefs/vtbrief.pdf.
Watergate.info. (1995). http://watergate.info/. Available: http://watergate.info/.
Woodward, B (1999). Shadow: Five Presidents And The Legacy Of Watergate. New York: Simon & Schuster. Introduction.
In this essay I am going to look at the significance of the Watergate scandal and the effects that it had on America. I will also discuss what the importance of investigative journalism is and the role that it has in society. The chain of events known as Watergate was an American political scandal in the 1970’s which ultimately led Richard Nixon to resign as president of the United States. The effects of the Watergate scandal did not end with the resignation of President Nixon, the general public lost trust in the government and are therefore a lot more suspicious of political candidates. Although the most important change …show more content…
in regards to journalism to come from the Watergate scandal was the amendments of the Freedom of Information Act and the rise in investigative journalism which allowed journalists to break boundaries and uncover information on the government for the benefits of democracy. To help me demonstrate the points that I make throughout this essay I am going to use evidence such as a range of media texts, polls and data.
Investigative journalism is a specific type of journalism where journalists invest their time and effort into uncovering scandals and detect violations of laws, rules or norms of decency. Investigative journalists will conduct thorough research to ensure that their information is accurate and is of great interest to the general public. “It is not enough for journalists to see themselves as mere messengers without understanding the hidden agendas of the message and the myths that surround it.” (Pilger, 1998, pg .4)
People in power, such as the government can easily abuse that power. They can be corrupt, break laws and commit crimes that can seriously affect the general public, if investigative journalism didn’t exist corruption wouldn’t be exposed which would hugely affect our society.
The public have the right to know about the society in which they live in and the right to know about any decisions being made that may affect them, it is an investigative journalist’s job to uncover these secrets for the benefit of public interest.
Compared to past methods of investigative journalism, the rise in today’s technology and social media has changed the way in which investigative reporters find out their information.
New technology has enabled information to be shared globally, therefore reporter’s are able to use the internet to get hints and help with fact checking through the use of social media websites such as Facebook and Twitter. Social media has offered journalist’s new ways of contacting sources and accessing information all over the world, reporters are able to inform the public about their investigation and ask them for hints on the subject. Aside from the use of social media, a huge amount of statistical information is available on the internet as part of the Open Data agenda, which investigative journalists can access to research into particular issues. New technology available to investigative journalists has arguably allowed them to carry out their investigations in a much more time efficient way, mobile devices and IPads allow journalist’s to keep in touch with the world as well as research into certain topics anywhere in the world.
Investigative Journalism is important to society because it ensures that individuals and institutions whose purpose is to serve the public remain exposed to avoid corruption, injustice and lies. They work to ensure that any secrets that may cause harm to society are exposed and jousted into the public
light.
It wasn’t until the 1960’s and 1970’s that investigative journalism became a key term used to describe the methods that journalists used to uncover scandals. It was during this time that the Watergate investigation led by journalists Bob Woodward and Carn Bernstein was uncovered to the world.
Watergate was an American political scandal which resulted in the resignation of President Richard Nixon. The affair was named after the Watergate Complex in Washington D.C., where the scandal took place. During the time that Richard Nixon was running for re-election, a burglary occurred at the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee inside the Watergate Complex. Following the incident five men were arrested for breaking and entering, they were later charged along with two other men for conspiracy, burglary and violation of federal wiretapping laws.
After further investigations took place by the FBI, the press and the Senate Watergate Committee it was revealed that the break-in was one of several illegal activities that were carried out by Richard Nixon’s staff. The illegal activities included campaign fraud, illegal break-ins, illegal wiretapping and improper tax audits enable to obtain information that could be used against Democrats in the upcoming elections.
It was also uncovered that President Nixon was withholding tapes that proved he was guilty, when the tapes finally surfaced a lot of the content had been removed which destroyed evidence linking the criminals to Nixon. Although after being forced to hand over the tapes by the U.S. Supreme Court Richard Nixon resigned as president, and therefore became the only U.S. President to resign from the office, indicating his guilt of the offence.
The whole scandal led by President Nixon and his attempt to cover his tracks using laundered money, proved his dishonesty and labelled him corrupt. Nixon abused his power for political purposes which resulted in Americans losing trust in their political leaders.
However the uncovering of the Watergate Scandal has proved to be important for the benefits of society. In order to prevent further abuse to the system new laws were regulated that led to extensive changes in political finance and stricter ethical codes to amend the Freedom of Information Act in 1986.
The Washington Post and its investigative journalists Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein helped to uncover the Watergate Scandal with the aid of a secret source called “Deep Throat”.
Woodward and Carl Bernstein teamed up to report on the Watergate scandal after several meetings with Deep Throat who had inside knowledge of the White House. The reporters published several stories about the involvement of Nixon administration officials in the burglary of the National Committee Headquarters. Whereas other newspapers failed to report any further on the scandal, Woodward and Bernstein continued to investigate.
Bob Woodward and Bernstein would rely on finding information by tracking phone numbers in one of the burglar’s address books, which allowed them to trace it back to the White House consultant. They carried out thorough investigation by scouring through telephone records to confirm the burglar’s calls to the White House and they also traced a check in one burglar’s bank account to the CRP. During their investigation they would obtain information from hundreds of sources connected to the White House by promising their anonymity. Investigative journalism proved to be a lot of hard work, instead of interviewing a few sources; they would talk to hundreds of people and search through thousands of public and private records to carry out their investigation.
The journalist’s stories, the Watergate trials and several rulings by the chief judge for the U.S District Court, John Sirica formulated into televised hearings in the U.S. Senate about the break-in. The public announcement of the events allowed the nation to become aware of the administration cover-up of the break-in and the secret White House operation that engaged in political spying and burglary. The committee also uncovered the secret White House tape recordings that sparked a major political and legal battle between the Congress and the President. The hearings resulted in impeachment proceedings by the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives, although before the full house voted on whether the president was found guilty, President Nixon resigned.
Following the uncovering of the Watergate Scandal it was adamant that a free press was necessary to protect democracy, which led to the Freedom of Information Act of 1986 being amended to give public the rights to information being held by the Government.
The Watergate Scandal proved to affect the general public’s trust in the government and therefore made them more suspicious of the system. The public’s increasing distrust of the government is supported by survey evidence, which demonstrates the drastic drop in public trust.
The results of the survey in table 2 shows evidence of a gradual increase of trust in the government displayed by the public as the senate hearings progressed; with the major increase occurring just after the Watergate Scandal was revealed. Between June and August 1973 there was a significant increase in the public’s distrust for the government and they were more inclined to believe that certain people running the government were crooked.
The Scandal resulted in the general public’s typical behaviour and attitudes towards the political system to change on a long term basis, especially during the 1974 election campaign. Evidence of this is shown in Table 1 where the public’s trust in Richard Nixon dramatically declined. The survey asked respondents in 1974 how they would have responded to the question if they had known what they know now about the Watergate Scandal. Following the replay question it is apparent that Nixon’s support amongst the older voters almost reached the low levels of younger voters by 1974. It is also apparent that by 1974 the younger generation had lost interest in politics and as a result of this they were less likely to vote during elections. The aftermath of the Watergate Scandal began with Gerald Ford stepping in as President, following Richard Nixon’s resignation on August 9th, 1974. Gerald Ford became the first President of the United States who was not elected by the public. Less than thirty days after taking the oath of office Ford issued a pardon to Richard Nixon during a television broadcast which proved to cause a lot of controversy. Although George Ford claimed that he did it in the best interest of the nation, the decision to excuse Nixon of his offenses caused uproar in the media and arguably destroyed Ford’s credibility.
George Ford’s role as President ended in the 1976 elections as Jimmy Carter took his place. Carter was seen as the anti-Nixon, which is what the voters wanted. Needless to say, Carter didn’t live up to the voter’s expectations and the economy collapsed, which therefore resulted in the American public voting him out of office in 1981.
American’s distrust in the government following the Watergate Scandal led to a decrease in voting. As table Fig 1.1 shows the percentage of voting dropped by 4.5% from 1972 to the 1976/1980 elections. It was during this time that Ronald Reagan won the presidential elections with 51% of the vote.
The significance of the Watergate Scandal saw following political scandals termed “-gate”. Shortly after Ronald Reagan’s reign to presidency another scandal came to light when the Iran-Contra affair, often referred to as “Irangate” was revealed in 1986. The U.S political scandal saw senior administration officials authorize sales of military weapons to Iran in an attempt to regain their power and have the 52 American citizens being held captive by Pro-Iranian terrorist groups released. Approximately thirty million dollars was recorded as being received from the Iranians in exchange for the weapons, although it was revealed that a huge majority of the money gained from selling weapons to Iran was used to support American contras in Nicaragua. The scandal was revealed to the public through a Lebanese newspaper, and although Ronald Reagan took responsibility for the Iranian arms deals, he denied any knowledge of what was occurring in Nicaragua. The scandal resulted in Ronald Reagan’s loss of credibility as his approval ratings dropped from 67% to 46% in November 1986, according to a New York Times/CBS News Poll.
It has been discussed that the significance of the Watergate Scandal impacted the American’s trust in the government and voting habits and that investigative journalism is of great importance to uncover lies and corruption and protect the public by supplying them with information about the society that they are living in. It has also been discussed that the rise of the internet and new technologies has changed the way in which investigative journalism operates, allowing reporters to connect to a worldwide audience. Although the single most important factor to learn from the Watergate Scandal is the amendments of the Freedom of Information Act of 1986, this in turn allowed the general public the rights to information that was being held by the Government to further protect democracy.
References:
Becker, L. Brown, J. Mcleod, J. Ziemke, D. (1977). Decline and Fall at the Whitehouse. Available: http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/67471/10.1177_009365027700400101.pdf?sequence=2.
Cosgrove-Mather, B. (2009). A Look Back At The Polls. Available: http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500160_162-621632.html.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (2013). Iran-Contra Affair. Available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293519/Iran-Contra-Affair.
Epstein, E. Did the Press Uncover Watergate?. Available: http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/watergate.htm.
Gaines, W. (2003). Who Was Deepthroat? . Available: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Who_Was_Deep_Throat.html.
Hanson, N. (2009). What is investigative journalism?. Available: http://www.journalismfund.eu/what-investigative-journalism.
Hunter, M. (2011). Story Based Inquiry: A Manual For Investigative Journalism. Available: http://www.storybasedinquiry.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Manual-Story-Based-Inquiry.pdf.
Keko, D. (2011). Watergate 's impact on modern America. Available: http://www.examiner.com/article/watergate-s-impact-on-modern-america.
Lader, C (2009). Painless American History. 2nd ed. New York: Barrons Educational Series Inc. p235 - 236.
Lipset, S. Schneider, W. The Confidence Gap During the Reagan Years, 1981-1987. Available:http://www.planethan.com/drupal/sites/default/files/The%20Confidence%20Gap%20during%20the%20Reagan%20Years%201981%201987%20%20By%20Lipset%20Seymour%20Martinand%20Schneider%20William%20Political%20Science%20Quarterly%20Spring87%20%20Vol%20102%20Issue%201%20%20p1%2023p.pdf.
Mielk, S. (2003). Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein: An Inventory of Their Watergate Papers at the Harry Ransom Center. Available: http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00365.xml.
NyTimes. (2012). Did Any Good Come of Watergate?. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/06/13/did-any-good-come-of-watergate.
Pbs. (2012). The Iran-Contra Affair. Available: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/reagan-iran/.
Pilger, J (1998). Hidden Agendas. London: Vintage. Pg 4.
Robinson, J. (1974). Public Opinion During the Watergate Crisis. Available: http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/67551/10.1177_009365027400100404.pdf;jsessionid=D70926D8A931D410821C4A5305CEB655?sequence=2.
Silberberg, N. (2007). Why Was Gerald Ford President? . Available: http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/461921/jewish/Why-was-Gerald-Ford-President.htm.
Ssdan. (2013). Trends In Voter Turnout. Available: http://www.ssdan.net/sites/default/files/briefs/vtbrief.pdf.
Watergate.info. (1995). http://watergate.info/. Available: http://watergate.info/.
Woodward, B (1999). Shadow: Five Presidents And The Legacy Of Watergate. New York: Simon & Schuster. Introduction.