WHAP Midterm Study Guide

WHAP Midterm Study Guide
Vocabulary:
1. Sedentary- farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place 2. Differentiated- to distinguish from other thing; to change or alter 3. Foraging- the acquisition of food by hunting, fishing, or the gathering of plant matter 4. Stratification- division of society according to rank, caste, or class 5. Egalitarian- Of, relating to, or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. 6. Renounce- to give up or put aside voluntarily; to repudiate; disown 7. Transient- not lasting, enduring, or permanent; lasting only a short time 8. Artisans- a person skilled in applied art; a craftsmen; makes products in small quantities, usually by hand or using traditional methods 9. Revere- to regard with respect; honour; adore 10. Transmittal- to send forward; communicate; to pass or spread (disease, infection, ideas) 11. Schism- division especially into mutually opposed parties (Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox) 12. Commercial Economy- 13. Grassroots movement- (political movement) includes common, ordinary people of a political party 14. Diplomacy- conduct by government officials of negotiations and other relations between nations 15. Stimulate- to rouse to action or effort, as by encouragement or pressure; incite 16. Patronage- the financial support or business provided to a store, hotel, or the like, by customers, clients, or paying guests 17. Omnipotent- having very great or unlimited authority or power; almighty 18. Deity: a god or goddess; divine character 19. Reverence: feeling or attitude of deep respect tinged with awe 20. Advocated: to speak or write in favour of; support or urge by argument; pleads a cause 21. Monastic Life- groups of monks or nuns living together in organized communities; priests who lived in society instead of in seclusion and did not follow a formal code of regulations 22. Divine: of or pertaining to a god, especially the Supreme Being; 23. Semi-Monastic Military Order: 24. Pandemics: prevalent through an entire country, continent, or whole world; epidemic over a large area (disease) 25. Indigenous: originating in and characteristic of a particular region or country; native to; natural; innate 26. Amerindians: any member of the people living in north or south America before the Europeans arrived 27. Impetus: moving force; impulse; stimulus 28. Spiritual Advancement: 29. Hub: center around which other things revolve or from which they radiate; focus of activity, authority, commerce 30. Exalt: to raise in rank, honour, power, character, quality, etc.; elevate; to praise; to intensity 31. Assert: to state with assurance, confidence, or force; maintain or defend (claims, rights); state strongly 32. Filial: pertaining to a son or daughter; relation of a child to parent 33. Marital Fidelity: 34. Degradation: state of being degraded (reduced in rank, position, reputation); reduced in quality or value 35. Imposition: action or process of imposing something (force to be put in place) 36. Universalizing: to make universal; make available for all
Neolithic Revolution:
1. The development of agriculture begins the Neolithic Revolution.
2. The difference between foraging and agricultural societies is the means in which they obtain their food. Foragers (hunter-gatherers) obtain food by picking or hunting what the environment holds for them. Agricultural societies grows their own food
3. Pre- Agricultural refers to the Paleolithic Era (hunting, collecting, fishing).Disparity means a great difference.
4. The Neolithic Revolution began with agriculture. Agriculture forced people to settle down and establish permanent settlements, the creation of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations.
5. Population changed in societies that previously relied on hunting and gathering after the development of agriculture because societies became more stable, larger, and permanent. During the Paleolithic period, people traveled in small bands.

Early Civilizations:
1. An organized government was needed to divide jobs within the community, since more people were settling and food production was not the main concern.
2. A patriarchal society is the social system in which the father is the head of the family and have authority over the women and children. Men dominate the decision making aspect of the community and economy.
3. Cultural diffusion refers to the spread of ideas or products from one culture to another. Independent development refers to
4. A river valley civilization is located near a river, for the water provides transportation, rich soil, and used for irrigation purposes. A classical civilization typically refers to the large, advance societies that develop after the Bronze Age. Complex structures such as hierarchy, government are established. (Many classical civilizations started out as river valleys).
5. The Code of Hammurabi was a set of 282 laws and penalties created by the Babylonian king, Hammurabi. (One of the first attempts at creating a law and order?) It tells us that the Babylonian society was strictly ruled based on the decisions of the king and his officials, and how they dealt with establishing justice (rich valued over poor)
Greece:
1. The mountainous barriers (and valleys) made it hard to unify Greece under one political system, so city-states were established. Each was a separate political unit. The coast provided easy means of trade; resource-poor region yet perfect climate to grow olives; many natural harbours; warm climate more people outside public events/gatherings
2. The Greek alphabet is based on the Phoenician characters. The Phoenician alphabet was 22 consonants, leaving vowel sounds to be inferred by the reader. The Phoenicians were sea traders.
3. Alexander the Great conquered lands as far as India and established the largest empire the world has ever seen. He maintained the framework of Persian administration in lands he conquered; established series of Greek-style cities to control strategic points in his expanding empire; created an empire that blended Greek and Persian cultures He sparked the Hellenistic Age.
4. Philosophers such as Socrates, Plate, and Aristotle are responsible for the way we think; Athens gave the world democracy and the foundation for the electoral system; Homer’s the Odyssey and the Iliad are still read today; heliocentric theory, geometry, etc.
Han/Rome/Persian Empires:
1. The major trade route between the two countries was the Silk Road.
2. The Western Roman Empire fell because
3. A series of internal and external events led to the collapse of both the Han and Gupta Empire; all three empires suffered from outside invasions. The Han Empire weakened with the spread of Buddhism, plagues, their corrupt bureaucrats, and the fact that their central government diminished. The Gupta Empire fell due to their inability to control local princes, and their tendency for political fragmentation. The Roman Empire fell due to plagues, Germanic and Hun invasions, a difficulty in recruiting armies, increased tax collection, low morale in the people, and their political confusion which led to weak emperors.
-both Roman and Han had corrupt bureaucracy
-both Han and Gupta had invasions from nomadic people; Gupta fall directly related to Hun attack
China:
1. The Mandate of Heave was a philosophical concept that originated during the Zhou dynasty. It determines whether an emperor of China is worthy enough to rule. If he does not fulfill his obligations as emperor, then he loses the Mandate and the right to be emperor. (Affiliated with approval from the gods). This caused the rulers to act responsibly in carrying out their duties towards their subjects, in fear of losing the Mandate.
2. what type of ship did the Chinese use in the 15th century?
3. The Great Wall is a fortification wall started by the Han dynasty, and was built to protect China from the invasions of nomadic peoples. (Xiongnu?) The Grand Canal is the world’s longest and oldest man made water way. It unified and connected North China with South China. (Transported surplus grain from south Yangtze to north standing armies and cities).
4. The Confucian social order consisted of five pairs of relationships: ruler and subject; father and son; elder brother and younger brother; husband and wife; and friend and friend. Women were at the bottom of the Confucian hierarchy and were expected to obey all males and demonstrate obedience before all other virtues. (As girls, they submit to their fathers. As wives, they submit to their husbands, and later, they must submit to their sons. Greatest duty was to create a son).
5. Both China and India had social structures in terms of higher/upper classes and lower classes. However, they differed with India’s creation of a caste system. This caste system divided people by status, and within each class contained even small subdivisions. China categorized its people into three categories according to their ability. ??
Japan:
1. The Japanese warrior class was called the samurais.
2. Emperor/shogun Daimyo SamuraiPeasants artisans/merchants
3. Aristocratic women were considered equal to men and could be samurais, fighting and facing death without flinching. They could inherit land without male interference and could sue.
Religions:
Islamic Civilization:
1. Since architecture did not involve depicting of humans or animals, it was the major Islamic art form. Mosques were the most important buildings in the Islamic world. They featured domes, towers called minarets (where criers announcing praying times), clusters of marble columns supporting vaulted ceilings, and pointed arches.
2. Islam’s expansion most importantly brought the promotion of religious reform movements in the Catholic Church to medieval Europe.
3. Muhammad unites Arab tribes, and conquers Mecca. Then, a series of caliphs rule politically and religiously, expanding Islam, which is widely accepted by others, for its extension of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity. The Byzantine and Sassanid Empires were both weakened from years of fighting, so it was easy for Muslim armies to conquer those areas. Also, the Muslim armies were not fighting for personal prestige, but to defend their religion.
4. Islamic artists developed the decorative style called arabesque, which used detailed geometric patterns entwined with stars, leaves, and flowers, since early religious leaders prohibited the depiction of living beings in Islamic art. Interior and exterior walls were often decorated in mosaics and tiles. Muslims were especially noted for their textiles.
5. Christianity remained in Egypt and Ethiopia after the expansion of Islam. ??
Byzantine Empire:
1. The Byzantine Empire was able to survive as the western Roman Empire collapsed due to its strong central government. They continued the Roman laws and taxation system, thus securing their place politically and financially.
2. The Byzantine Empire converted the Slavic people into Christians, and gave them the Cyrillic alphabet, which was based on the Greek alphabet. Art and architecture were also imported to Russia.
Europe:
1. Women during feudal Europe were expected to stay at home and could not inherit land; isolated and marginalized. Peasant women worked in the fields. All marriages were determined by the king; however, if a women desires to stay a widow, she must pay the king. If a woman managed land, became a nun, she acquired rights. Whenever the husband was gone, the woman had to manage household (economics?)
2. Lords issued land and protection to vassals, their noble followers, in exchange for their loyalty and military service. One vassal could have multiple lords; lords feuded with each other.
3. The bubonic plague was known as the “Black Death” and killed Europe’s population by 1/3. It started in China and spread across the Silk Road, making its way to Europe. Fleas on the rats carried the disease, and transferred it from person to person.
Mongol Empire:

1. The Mongol Empire expanded from China in the East to Russia in the West. (attempted to conquer Japan but was defeated). It soon split into 4 separate sub empires.
2. The Mongols promoted trade along the Silk Road by reestablishing it.