What Are The Four Ethical Principles Of Ethical Decision Making

harmed by the conflict. As a result, Nelson strongly encourages executives to prioritize competing values. Thus Ms. New shall take a step back to the problem the three foundational ethical principles of utility, justice, and respect for persons. These principles create a framework for the equitable allocation of scarce organs for transplantation. To solve the ethical challenges Ms. New shall apply the eight key steps before taking any action.
Multistep decision-making Step One: Clarify the conflict Step Two: Identify all stakeholders and values Step Three: Understand the circumstances surrounding the ethical conflict
• Takes utility into account, all possible goods and harms that can be envisioned, considering the quantity and probability of the various outcomes.
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Concerned not exclusively with the aggregate amount of medical good that is produced, but also with the way in which that good is distributed among potential beneficiaries.
• When respect for autonomy conflicts with other ethical principles, on balance, sometimes autonomy deserves respect and sometimes autonomy must give way.
Step Four: Identify the ethical perspectives relevant to the conflict
• Factors to be considered in the application of the principle of utility are patient survival; 2) graft survival; 3) quality of life; 4) availability of alternative treatments; and 5) age.
• Factors to be considered in the application of the principle of justice are 1) medical urgency; 2) likelihood of finding a suitable organ in the future; 3) waiting list time; 4) first versus repeat transplants; 5) age; and 6) geographical fairness.
• Factors to be considered in the application of the principle of respect for autonomy are: 1) the duty to respect decisions of donors or those who refuse to donate organs; 2) the right to refuse an organ; 3) free exchanges among autonomous individuals; 4) allocation by directed donation, and 5) transparency of processes and allocation rules to enable stakeholders to make informed decisions. Five: Identify different options for action Step Six: Select among the options. Step Seven: Share and Implement the
decision Step Eight: Review the decision to ensure it achieved the desired goal A call to action. (Nelson308-318; and HRSA) Ms. New shall come together with experienced HCO members to develop a strong board to make a determination for each donor applicant. The committee shall require a criminal, psychological background check. Furthermore, the donor shall need a current physical examination and immunization record. Additionally, the donor will require giving a summary of their motives for donating the organ. Also, the donor shall require demographic disclosure that includes employment, address, dob, social security number, and any credit history to identify the donor. No donor shall be paid or compensated benefits for the donation. The donation is purely a gift of altruism based upon morality and ethics. The board shall also be responsible for finding the best match for the patient on the waiting list. The patient that receives the transplant first shall be the based on donor match composition. There shall be a database of all patient-donor matches. Moreover, HIPA and HITECH shall protect all donor and patient information. To further secure installation and execution of the organ donor selection process and plan Ms. New shall also refer to the National Organ Transplant Act (“NOTA”) created by the Organ Procurement Transplantation Network (OPTN). The OPTN Final Rule defines the principles that provide the ethical framework for national organ allocation policies, fully compliant with the requirements and regulations of the NOTA and the OPTN Final Rule. For more information, visit US Department Health and Human Services where readers can view the article Ethical Principles in the Allocation of Human Organs at
Evaluate whether the decision achieved the expected outcomes and identified what lessons were learned that might prevent or minimize similar conflicts in the future There is no easy method to coming to an ethical conclusion for organ donations. Each scenario the HCO and staff will have to ponder will this donation benefit the overall good of the patient, the donor, and the community. There is no perfection in any resolution of a dilemma. However, there is perfection in the prioritizing hierarchy of importance. Healthcare may achieve finding solutions that are fair, just and reasonable to ensure beneficence and altruism remain the most relevant course of prevention and action. Ms. New acting in the role of CEO will take every step to make sure that organ donations are healthy for both the donor and transplant recipient. If there is any potential to do harm, Ms. New shall provide an alternative option that is in the best interest of the transplant recipient. The only expected outcome Ms. New has is that all HCO stakeholders work together to build a strong network of hco professionals that encourages one another to execute ethics as a lifestyle decision. When ethics and morality are a part of life, it makes ethical decision making more efficient to find a comprehensive solution. Ms. New was challenged with an ethical dilemma today. However, when Ms. New applied the circumstance to ethical principles solutions came second nature; common sense.