What Is Cellular Respiration?

Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to make foods from carbon dioxide and water. A critical cycle of energy and matter that supports the continued existence of life on earth are formed by cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
When it comes to the stages of cellular respiration, there are three stages. The stages are glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system. Glycolysis is the anaerobic catabolic reaction of glucose and occurs in almost every cell. It takes place with or without oxygen being present. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol,
Ten intermediate compounds are in this process and ten enzymes are needed for glycolysis. (Cellular Respiration, 2017) First, the enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates, which adds a phosphate group to glucose in the cell's cytoplasm and in the process, a phosphate group from ATP is moved to glucose producing glucose 6-phosphate. Next, the enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose 6-phosphate into its isomer fructose 6-phosphate since isomers have the same molecular formula, but each of the molecule atoms are just arranged differently. After that, the enzyme phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule to move a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate. The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase rapidly inter-converts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is removed as soon as it is formed to be used in the next part of glycolysis. The enzyme triose phosphate
This system is made up of of series of carrier molecules which pass electrons from a high energy molecule to the final low energy electron acceptor molecule. ATP is produced when energy is released during this process of oxidation and reduction. The NADH and FADH₂ molecules bring electrons to the electron transport system. This system has membrane-bound electron carriers that pass electrons from one to another. When a carrier molecule reduces another molecule, the energy that is released is used to push hydrogen ions across the membrane into the inter-membrane space. The energy that is left is used to lessen the next carrier molecule, which results in the hydrogen ions becoming concentrated in the inter-membrane space. The ATP synthase enzyme uses the energy of this gradient to make ATP. NADH and FADH₂ are oxidized and the energy is released is used to make ATP in the electron transport system. (Cellular Respiration,