What Opponents Of Early American Expansion Were Federalists
Document A
1. Document Information
a) Three northeastern members of the Federalist Party had doubts about the Louisiana Purchase in 1803
b) The constitution didn’t authorize territorial acquisition, thought the United States was no safer acquiring this large territory, for fear the eastern states would become less important as the country expanded
c) The United States purchased the Louisiana in 1803
d) The U.S. constitution does not state ways the federal government may acquire territory
e) A standing army represented a threat
2. Document Inferences
a) The opponents of early American expansion were Federalists
b) Opposition to expansion rested on several premises, including constitutional considerations, national security and self-interest …show more content…
c) Based on revolutionary experience of the U.S. there was a good reason to oppose a standing army
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Lewis and Clark expedition
b) Article I, Section 8
c) Mississippi River, New Orleans
d) Pinckney’s Treaty
Document B
1.
Document Information
a) The U.S House of Representatives voted overwhelmingly for war on June 4, 1812
b) More than two-thirds of the House of Representatives voted for war on June 4, 1812, with most of the supporters coming from the South and West and most opponents coming from the Northeast, along with some from Virginia and Maryland
c) All congressmen from Pennsylvania, Georgia, and South Carolina and from the west of the Appalachian Mountains (Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee) voted for war
2. Document Inferences
a) In this “Second War for Independence,” the U.S. went to war with Britain in 1812, chiefly to force the British out of the U.S. territory and thus clear the way for American Expansion
b) The British had never respected Americans sovereignty over the area all the way to the Mississippi River, which was called for in the Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolution
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Battle of New Orleans
b) Burning of Washington
c) Impressment
Document C
1. Document Information
a) In an 1829 report on American aborigines, Lewis Cass expressed a belief that the Cherokee Nation had made no progress in improving its society despite 200 years of “contact with a civilized
people.”
b) The lack of improvement, Cass maintained, was the direct result of the Cherokee refusal to change and was the first such instance in world history in which a group considered to be inferior did not benefit from associating with a civilization considered to be more advanced
c) Cass argued that this lack of improvement could not be laid at the feet of European but must be attributed to an inherently inferior civilization. White Americans regarded native peoples, including the Cherokee, as inferior and blamed them for their inferior position because they had not benefited form close contact with Europeans
2. Document Inferences
a) Lewis Cass, was a brigadier general in the War of 1812, a longtime governor of the Michigan Territory and negotiator of the Treaty of Fort Miegs with Indian tribes
b) As Andrew Jacksons secretary of war, Cass was a central figure in the formulation and implementation of Indian removal. Cass would also support Texas annexation.
c) In addition, Americans had a long history of mistreating American Indians.
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
b) Worcester v. Georgia
c) Oklahoma
Document D
1. Document Information
a) In the 1830s six American Indian nations- the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Sac and Fox, and Seminole- were removed by seven routes over land and sea from the area alongside or east of the Mississippi to a region west of the state of Missouri and the Arkansas Territory
2. Document Inferences
a) As part of its anti-Indian and expansionists policy, the U.S. government, under presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, forcibly relocated the five tribes from their ancestral homes in the American Southeast and the Sac and Fox, east of the Mississippi River (Oklahoma)
b) Jacksonian Democracy did not apply to these people
c) Began with Choctaw, which set a model for the rest of them
d) Because of exposure, disease and starvation, the “Trail of Tears,” resulted in the deaths of thousands of Cherokee out of the 15000 who were moved, by 1837, 46000 Native Americans had been removed from their homelands, which opened 25 million acres for white settlement
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Trail of tears
b) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
c) Worcester v. Georgia
Document E
1. Document Information
a) An eagle is superimposed on an 1833 map of the U.S. extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains and from the Great Lakes to Florida
2. Document Inferences
a) The United States rightly owns/controls the region from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Monroe Doctrine
b) Texas annexation
c) Louisiana Territory
Document F
1. Document Information
a) Thomas Hart Benton made a speech to the U.S. Senate in 1844 in which he predicted that American settlers in Oregon would open trade with Asia
2. Document Inferences
a) As senator from Missouri, Thomas Hart Benton was an architect and championof westward expansion of the United States, a cause that became known as Manifest Destiny
b) Benton advocated the displacement of Native Americans in favor of eurpean settlers, exploration of the west, and government construction of the transcontinental railway and the telegraph
c) Benton favored Texas annexation (but not the Mexican War) and the abrogation of the Adams-Onis Treaty, which relinquished claims to Texas but the U.S.
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Oregon Trail
b) Overland Trail
c) Manifest Destiny
Document G
1. Document Information
a) Andrew Jackson wrote a letter to Moses Dawson that appeared in Niles’ National Register in 1844
2. Document Inferences
a) Just before matters concerning the status of Texas came to a head, former president Andrew Jackson wrote to Moses Dawson, a well-known Cincinnati editor, that Texas annexation would be a boon in a variety of ways
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Texas Revolution
b) Republic of Texas
c) Sam Houston
Document H
1. Document Information
a) In an address to Congress in 1848, Senator John C. Calhoun criticized the contention of respectable people that every nation could sustain democratic government
b) Not every person, he maintained, possessed sufficient development in moral and intellectual terms to support political liberty
2. Document Inferences
a) John C. Calhoun questioned the wisdom of the Mexican War and abstained when the authorization vote for war came
b) After the U.S. thrashed Mexico and debated the prospect of extending its border all the way to Guatemala, Calhoun denounced the idea as fundamentally changing the character of American society
c) The acquisition of Mexico would compel the United States to adopt what Calhoun was convinced it was a doomed experiment- a truly multiracial society of the kind that had allegedly dragged down the Spanish in Latin America
d) Calhoun believed that some people, especially Mexicans, were incapable of replicating the Americaan experiment in liberty
e) Calhoun noted that the U.S. had either pushed Indian nations into the wilderness or allowed them separate spheres
f) Better, Calhoun thought, to be satisfied with acquiring a largely uninhabited block of land called the Mexican Cession, which is exactly what Congress agreed to in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Rio Grande
Document I
1. Document Information
a) Henry Thoreau warned of governmental abuse in the absence of a functioning democracy, mentioning as a prime example the unpopular Mexican War
2. Document Inferences
a) Originally entitled Resistance to Civil Government, reflected transcendentalist Henry Thoreau’s opposition to military force and to slavery, both of which were issues in the Mexican War that the United States had prosecuted in the late 1840s
b) When a tax collector demanded the Thoreau pay his poll tax, Thoreau refused because, he noted, taxes finance injustice, including what he regarded as Americas unprovoked war with Mexico to enable slave expansions
c) He was briefly jailed for his anti-tax stance until his aunt bailed him out
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Pacifists
b) Transcendentalists
Document J
1. Document Information
a) According to the Ostend Manifesto, the United States had every right to take Cuba from Spain
2. Document Inferences
a) American expansionists, such as Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, had long coveted Cuba, particularly as a slave state, once California was made a free state under the Compromise of 1850
b) The only limitation worth considering was military might: Did the United States possess the raw power to force Spain out of Cuba?
c) Although the Ostend Manifesto was never acted upon, the United States remained interested in Cuba, particularly after the American Civil War ended- an interest that ultimately led to Cuban independence
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Young America Movement
b) Monroe Doctrine
1. Document Information
a) Three northeastern members of the Federalist Party had doubts about the Louisiana Purchase in 1803
b) The constitution didn’t authorize territorial acquisition, thought the United States was no safer acquiring this large territory, for fear the eastern states would become less important as the country expanded
c) The United States purchased the Louisiana in 1803
d) The U.S. constitution does not state ways the federal government may acquire territory
e) A standing army represented a threat
2. Document Inferences
a) The opponents of early American expansion were Federalists
b) Opposition to expansion rested on several premises, including constitutional considerations, national security and self-interest …show more content…
c) Based on revolutionary experience of the U.S. there was a good reason to oppose a standing army
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Lewis and Clark expedition
b) Article I, Section 8
c) Mississippi River, New Orleans
d) Pinckney’s Treaty
Document B
1.
Document Information
a) The U.S House of Representatives voted overwhelmingly for war on June 4, 1812
b) More than two-thirds of the House of Representatives voted for war on June 4, 1812, with most of the supporters coming from the South and West and most opponents coming from the Northeast, along with some from Virginia and Maryland
c) All congressmen from Pennsylvania, Georgia, and South Carolina and from the west of the Appalachian Mountains (Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee) voted for war
2. Document Inferences
a) In this “Second War for Independence,” the U.S. went to war with Britain in 1812, chiefly to force the British out of the U.S. territory and thus clear the way for American Expansion
b) The British had never respected Americans sovereignty over the area all the way to the Mississippi River, which was called for in the Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolution
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Battle of New Orleans
b) Burning of Washington
c) Impressment
Document C
1. Document Information
a) In an 1829 report on American aborigines, Lewis Cass expressed a belief that the Cherokee Nation had made no progress in improving its society despite 200 years of “contact with a civilized
people.”
b) The lack of improvement, Cass maintained, was the direct result of the Cherokee refusal to change and was the first such instance in world history in which a group considered to be inferior did not benefit from associating with a civilization considered to be more advanced
c) Cass argued that this lack of improvement could not be laid at the feet of European but must be attributed to an inherently inferior civilization. White Americans regarded native peoples, including the Cherokee, as inferior and blamed them for their inferior position because they had not benefited form close contact with Europeans
2. Document Inferences
a) Lewis Cass, was a brigadier general in the War of 1812, a longtime governor of the Michigan Territory and negotiator of the Treaty of Fort Miegs with Indian tribes
b) As Andrew Jacksons secretary of war, Cass was a central figure in the formulation and implementation of Indian removal. Cass would also support Texas annexation.
c) In addition, Americans had a long history of mistreating American Indians.
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
b) Worcester v. Georgia
c) Oklahoma
Document D
1. Document Information
a) In the 1830s six American Indian nations- the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Sac and Fox, and Seminole- were removed by seven routes over land and sea from the area alongside or east of the Mississippi to a region west of the state of Missouri and the Arkansas Territory
2. Document Inferences
a) As part of its anti-Indian and expansionists policy, the U.S. government, under presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, forcibly relocated the five tribes from their ancestral homes in the American Southeast and the Sac and Fox, east of the Mississippi River (Oklahoma)
b) Jacksonian Democracy did not apply to these people
c) Began with Choctaw, which set a model for the rest of them
d) Because of exposure, disease and starvation, the “Trail of Tears,” resulted in the deaths of thousands of Cherokee out of the 15000 who were moved, by 1837, 46000 Native Americans had been removed from their homelands, which opened 25 million acres for white settlement
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Trail of tears
b) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
c) Worcester v. Georgia
Document E
1. Document Information
a) An eagle is superimposed on an 1833 map of the U.S. extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains and from the Great Lakes to Florida
2. Document Inferences
a) The United States rightly owns/controls the region from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Monroe Doctrine
b) Texas annexation
c) Louisiana Territory
Document F
1. Document Information
a) Thomas Hart Benton made a speech to the U.S. Senate in 1844 in which he predicted that American settlers in Oregon would open trade with Asia
2. Document Inferences
a) As senator from Missouri, Thomas Hart Benton was an architect and championof westward expansion of the United States, a cause that became known as Manifest Destiny
b) Benton advocated the displacement of Native Americans in favor of eurpean settlers, exploration of the west, and government construction of the transcontinental railway and the telegraph
c) Benton favored Texas annexation (but not the Mexican War) and the abrogation of the Adams-Onis Treaty, which relinquished claims to Texas but the U.S.
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Oregon Trail
b) Overland Trail
c) Manifest Destiny
Document G
1. Document Information
a) Andrew Jackson wrote a letter to Moses Dawson that appeared in Niles’ National Register in 1844
2. Document Inferences
a) Just before matters concerning the status of Texas came to a head, former president Andrew Jackson wrote to Moses Dawson, a well-known Cincinnati editor, that Texas annexation would be a boon in a variety of ways
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Texas Revolution
b) Republic of Texas
c) Sam Houston
Document H
1. Document Information
a) In an address to Congress in 1848, Senator John C. Calhoun criticized the contention of respectable people that every nation could sustain democratic government
b) Not every person, he maintained, possessed sufficient development in moral and intellectual terms to support political liberty
2. Document Inferences
a) John C. Calhoun questioned the wisdom of the Mexican War and abstained when the authorization vote for war came
b) After the U.S. thrashed Mexico and debated the prospect of extending its border all the way to Guatemala, Calhoun denounced the idea as fundamentally changing the character of American society
c) The acquisition of Mexico would compel the United States to adopt what Calhoun was convinced it was a doomed experiment- a truly multiracial society of the kind that had allegedly dragged down the Spanish in Latin America
d) Calhoun believed that some people, especially Mexicans, were incapable of replicating the Americaan experiment in liberty
e) Calhoun noted that the U.S. had either pushed Indian nations into the wilderness or allowed them separate spheres
f) Better, Calhoun thought, to be satisfied with acquiring a largely uninhabited block of land called the Mexican Cession, which is exactly what Congress agreed to in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Rio Grande
Document I
1. Document Information
a) Henry Thoreau warned of governmental abuse in the absence of a functioning democracy, mentioning as a prime example the unpopular Mexican War
2. Document Inferences
a) Originally entitled Resistance to Civil Government, reflected transcendentalist Henry Thoreau’s opposition to military force and to slavery, both of which were issues in the Mexican War that the United States had prosecuted in the late 1840s
b) When a tax collector demanded the Thoreau pay his poll tax, Thoreau refused because, he noted, taxes finance injustice, including what he regarded as Americas unprovoked war with Mexico to enable slave expansions
c) He was briefly jailed for his anti-tax stance until his aunt bailed him out
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Pacifists
b) Transcendentalists
Document J
1. Document Information
a) According to the Ostend Manifesto, the United States had every right to take Cuba from Spain
2. Document Inferences
a) American expansionists, such as Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, had long coveted Cuba, particularly as a slave state, once California was made a free state under the Compromise of 1850
b) The only limitation worth considering was military might: Did the United States possess the raw power to force Spain out of Cuba?
c) Although the Ostend Manifesto was never acted upon, the United States remained interested in Cuba, particularly after the American Civil War ended- an interest that ultimately led to Cuban independence
3. Potential Outside Information
a) Young America Movement
b) Monroe Doctrine