What Type Of Bond Is Joining The Two Hydrogen Atoms?
A well-designed experiment will have only one critical variable that is changed over several trials
A bacterium swimming away from a toxic chemical is an example of what aspect of living things?
the capacity to respond to environment
Evolution is a central, unifying theme in biology because the enormously diverse forms of life on Earth have all been shaped by it
An atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons is called an ion. This produces a charged atom, or ion.
An ion is an atom with a number of electrons that is different than the number of protons.
The naturally occurring helium atom is chemically inert because: its outermost shell is filled with electrons.
A chemical element is uniquely identified …show more content…
by its proton number
The atomic number is the number of protons.
A neutral atom has an equal number of protons and electrons.
The mass number of an atom is calculated by adding the number of neutrons and the number of protons in the atom
If phosphorous has a charge of -2, how many electrons would be in the outermost shell?
There are 2 additional electrons in the outer shell.
Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen
What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?
Question #13
Each carbon-hydrogen bond involves a single pair of equally shared electrons.
What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
Question #8
A covalent bond is one in which electron pairs are shared.
A molecule is defined as two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
This atom can form up to 4 single covalent bond(s).
Question #10
A(n) double covalent bond joins these two oxygen atoms.
Question #11
The oxygen atoms are sharing two pairs of electrons.
A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons
Equal sharing of electrons results in a nonpolar covalent bond
Electrons are shared in covalent bonds while ionic bonds involve the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Electrons are shared in covalent bonds, whereas ionic bonds involve the loss or gain of electrons.
Hydrogen bonds are responsible to the attraction of water molecules to each other. This is what causes cohesion and surface tension of
water.
Before adding pasta to boiling water, you add salt (NaCl). After your pasta has cooked, you analyze the substances remaining in the water. You find no solid salt (NaCl) remains. The best explanation is the ionic bonds that hold NaCl together were broken in the water
A polar covalent bond is the result of the unequal sharing of electron pairs, whereas a non-polar bond is the result of equal sharing of all the electron pairs.
Large differences in electronegativity between atoms produces polar covalent bonds.
If the shape of a molecule is changed, all the following will also change EXCEPT the molecule's
Chemical Properties
Atomic Makeup
Ability to bind to other molecules
Function
Each water molecule is joined to FOUR other water molecules by HYDROGEN bonds.
The electrons spend more time with the oxygen of the water molecule than with the hydrogens of water. Thus, the oxygen has a net negative charge and the hydrogens have a net positive charge. So it becomes POLAR COVALENT. While oxygen shares electrons with hydrogen, the electrons spend more time with the oxygen than with the hydrogens.Repulsion between electrons governs the angles between bonds. The two pairs of unbonded electrons repel the two pairs of bonding electrons, creating the bend in the molecule. H is less electronegative than O, so the shared electrons spend most of their time near O.
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its electronegativity
Hydrogen Bonds are weaker than covalent bonds because they do not involve sharing of electrons, and they are weaker than ionic bonds because they involve the attraction of partial (not full) opposite charges
Very acidic solutions have high hydronium concentrations, and as a result, have low pH values.
The dissociation of water is quickly reversed, giving neutral water molecules & involves pairs of water molecules.
Which statement is true of the equation shown below?
It omits an important water molecule and it is a standard shorthand for water dissociation.
Why do salt molecules dissolve in water?
They have atoms with charges on them.
Rigid hydrogen bonding makes ice less dense than water
Animals store energy in the form of glycogen.
Maltose is the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis.
Lactose is the sugar found in milk.
Cellulose is a carbohydrate composed of many monomers. Cellulose, a component of plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound found on earth.
Cellulose is made with glucose that has the beta ring form.
This picture shows part of a long natural polymer in which most of the sugars are linked in the way that you see here. What can you say with confidence about the polymer?
We can digest it more easily than cellulose.
This polymer has alpha glucose linked the same way as in starch or glycogen, which we can easily digest.
Which fact is most important in explaining why cellulose is a better structural material than starch?
Alpha-linkages make it easier for the polymer to coil into a helix which is worse for structural use.
The alpha links let starch coil into compact helices that pack into dense granules. For structural use, you want polymers that stretch out straight and form cables, as in beta-linked cellulose.
Both cotton and a sugar cube are carbohydrates, made of sugars.
What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?
Low solubility in water. < trait that defines LIPIDS
Water rejects nonpolar molecules such as fats, so fats travel inside particles that are coated with polar parts of phospholipids and proteins.
RNA is a nucleic acid
This figure is an example of a(n) _____.
Question #8
saturated fat The fatty acid tails lack double bonds.
Phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.
Olive oil is a plant oil, and most plant oils are rich in unsaturated fats.
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role as a component of animal cell membranes
Which of the following lipids is the primary component in cell membranes?
Phospholipids
The organic molecule called DNA is an example of a polymer made of nucleotides.
Proteins differ from one another because the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein
Proteins are polymers of amino acids
Which of the following is an example of secondary structure of a polypeptide?
the formation of a beta-pleated sheet
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
peptide
The secondary structure of a protein results from hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on peptide bonds
When amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide chain, a waste molecule is given off as a result of the chemical reaction. What is this waste molecule?
water - One H and one OH are removed and combined to form one molecule of water.
Which biological activity does directly involve proteins?
•Changing the shapes of cells
•Sensing Light
•breaking food polymers into smaller molecules
•Defensing cells against viruses
If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
3’TAAACG-5
Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
The question says 100 pairs, that means 200 nucleotides. If you have 25 adenine, you have 25 thymine.That leaves 150 nucleotides or 75 pairs left. So then you have 75 guanine and 75 cytosine.
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
Nitrogenous base pairs are joined by hydrogen bonds
A nucleotide is composed of phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
DNA is a composed of nucleotide units.
DNA is read to produce RNA; thus, if the DNA is mutated, the RNA will be as well.
A bacterium swimming away from a toxic chemical is an example of what aspect of living things?
the capacity to respond to environment
Evolution is a central, unifying theme in biology because the enormously diverse forms of life on Earth have all been shaped by it
An atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons is called an ion. This produces a charged atom, or ion.
An ion is an atom with a number of electrons that is different than the number of protons.
The naturally occurring helium atom is chemically inert because: its outermost shell is filled with electrons.
A chemical element is uniquely identified …show more content…
by its proton number
The atomic number is the number of protons.
A neutral atom has an equal number of protons and electrons.
The mass number of an atom is calculated by adding the number of neutrons and the number of protons in the atom
If phosphorous has a charge of -2, how many electrons would be in the outermost shell?
There are 2 additional electrons in the outer shell.
Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen
What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?
Question #13
Each carbon-hydrogen bond involves a single pair of equally shared electrons.
What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
Question #8
A covalent bond is one in which electron pairs are shared.
A molecule is defined as two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
This atom can form up to 4 single covalent bond(s).
Question #10
A(n) double covalent bond joins these two oxygen atoms.
Question #11
The oxygen atoms are sharing two pairs of electrons.
A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons
Equal sharing of electrons results in a nonpolar covalent bond
Electrons are shared in covalent bonds while ionic bonds involve the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Electrons are shared in covalent bonds, whereas ionic bonds involve the loss or gain of electrons.
Hydrogen bonds are responsible to the attraction of water molecules to each other. This is what causes cohesion and surface tension of
water.
Before adding pasta to boiling water, you add salt (NaCl). After your pasta has cooked, you analyze the substances remaining in the water. You find no solid salt (NaCl) remains. The best explanation is the ionic bonds that hold NaCl together were broken in the water
A polar covalent bond is the result of the unequal sharing of electron pairs, whereas a non-polar bond is the result of equal sharing of all the electron pairs.
Large differences in electronegativity between atoms produces polar covalent bonds.
If the shape of a molecule is changed, all the following will also change EXCEPT the molecule's
Chemical Properties
Atomic Makeup
Ability to bind to other molecules
Function
Each water molecule is joined to FOUR other water molecules by HYDROGEN bonds.
The electrons spend more time with the oxygen of the water molecule than with the hydrogens of water. Thus, the oxygen has a net negative charge and the hydrogens have a net positive charge. So it becomes POLAR COVALENT. While oxygen shares electrons with hydrogen, the electrons spend more time with the oxygen than with the hydrogens.Repulsion between electrons governs the angles between bonds. The two pairs of unbonded electrons repel the two pairs of bonding electrons, creating the bend in the molecule. H is less electronegative than O, so the shared electrons spend most of their time near O.
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its electronegativity
Hydrogen Bonds are weaker than covalent bonds because they do not involve sharing of electrons, and they are weaker than ionic bonds because they involve the attraction of partial (not full) opposite charges
Very acidic solutions have high hydronium concentrations, and as a result, have low pH values.
The dissociation of water is quickly reversed, giving neutral water molecules & involves pairs of water molecules.
Which statement is true of the equation shown below?
It omits an important water molecule and it is a standard shorthand for water dissociation.
Why do salt molecules dissolve in water?
They have atoms with charges on them.
Rigid hydrogen bonding makes ice less dense than water
Animals store energy in the form of glycogen.
Maltose is the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis.
Lactose is the sugar found in milk.
Cellulose is a carbohydrate composed of many monomers. Cellulose, a component of plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound found on earth.
Cellulose is made with glucose that has the beta ring form.
This picture shows part of a long natural polymer in which most of the sugars are linked in the way that you see here. What can you say with confidence about the polymer?
We can digest it more easily than cellulose.
This polymer has alpha glucose linked the same way as in starch or glycogen, which we can easily digest.
Which fact is most important in explaining why cellulose is a better structural material than starch?
Alpha-linkages make it easier for the polymer to coil into a helix which is worse for structural use.
The alpha links let starch coil into compact helices that pack into dense granules. For structural use, you want polymers that stretch out straight and form cables, as in beta-linked cellulose.
Both cotton and a sugar cube are carbohydrates, made of sugars.
What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?
Low solubility in water. < trait that defines LIPIDS
Water rejects nonpolar molecules such as fats, so fats travel inside particles that are coated with polar parts of phospholipids and proteins.
RNA is a nucleic acid
This figure is an example of a(n) _____.
Question #8
saturated fat The fatty acid tails lack double bonds.
Phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.
Olive oil is a plant oil, and most plant oils are rich in unsaturated fats.
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role as a component of animal cell membranes
Which of the following lipids is the primary component in cell membranes?
Phospholipids
The organic molecule called DNA is an example of a polymer made of nucleotides.
Proteins differ from one another because the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein
Proteins are polymers of amino acids
Which of the following is an example of secondary structure of a polypeptide?
the formation of a beta-pleated sheet
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
peptide
The secondary structure of a protein results from hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on peptide bonds
When amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide chain, a waste molecule is given off as a result of the chemical reaction. What is this waste molecule?
water - One H and one OH are removed and combined to form one molecule of water.
Which biological activity does directly involve proteins?
•Changing the shapes of cells
•Sensing Light
•breaking food polymers into smaller molecules
•Defensing cells against viruses
If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
3’TAAACG-5
Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
The question says 100 pairs, that means 200 nucleotides. If you have 25 adenine, you have 25 thymine.That leaves 150 nucleotides or 75 pairs left. So then you have 75 guanine and 75 cytosine.
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
Nitrogenous base pairs are joined by hydrogen bonds
A nucleotide is composed of phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
DNA is a composed of nucleotide units.
DNA is read to produce RNA; thus, if the DNA is mutated, the RNA will be as well.