when x is y

Biology 12 3rd Exam Reviewer
Exercise 9: The Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are subdivided into archaebacteria and eubacteria.
Archaebacteria - no peptidoglycan in cell wall
Ex. Halob acterium
Eubacteria - has peptidoglycan in cell wall
Eubacteria - can be differentiated by Gram staining
Gram positive: purple-blue, mostly peptidoglycan susceptible to penicillin
Gram negative: pink-red, less peptidoglycan, has lipopolysaccharides, susceptible to EDTA
Gram negative can be further differentiated into chlorophyllous (cyanobacteria) and achlorophyllous.
Based on Gram staining
Gram negative
Escherichia coli
Rhizobium
Spirillum
Pseudomonas
Nostoc - cyanobacteria
Oscillatoria - cyanobacteria

Gram positive
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus
Bacillus

Nostoc: akinete - a resting cell of cyanobacteria heterocyst - specialized nitrogen-fixing cells formed during nitrogen starvation by some filamentous cyanobacteria Exercise 10: The Algae
Algae have at least the chlorophyll a pigment. Low level of differentiation in reproductive structures. Absence of embryo. Pigments

Stored food

Phaeophyta

Unicellular
/Multicellular
Multicellular

Cell wall composition Cellulose

A, C, fucoxanthin Laminarin
/mannitol

Bacillariophyta

Unicellular

A, C, fucoxanthin Chrysolaminarin

Siliceous

Euglenophyta

Unicellular

A, B

No cell wall.

Chlorophyta

Both

A, B

Paramylon
/paramylum
Starch

Rhodophyta

Multicellular

A, phycoerythrin Rhodophycean starch Cellulosic

Glucosamine

Other characteristics

Asexual reproduction by fragmentation, zoospore formation, simple mitosis.
Sexual by isogamy/anisogamy/oogamy Exercise 11: The Fungi
Fungi are achlorophyllous, absorptive heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Water molds (Oomycota) and chytrids were fungi because of filamentous body structures/cell wall. More closely related to amoeboid and flagellated protists.
True fungi: some unicellular,