Many researchers have studied attachment; however, John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth are the researchers responsible for the origination of the attachment theory, therefore also becoming catalysts for the research of attachment in the late eighteenth century. Attachment, as defined by Ainsworth, is “‘an affectional tie’ that an infant forms with a caregiver—a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time” (Berger, 2014, p. 142). Furthermore, as described in Berger, the attachment theory assesses the behaviors associated with four identified types of infant attachment. These four types include secure, insecure-resistant/ambivalent, insecure avoidant, and disorganized attachment. Berger defines each of these types as follows: securely…
The purpose of this lab is to show how potential energy and kinetic energy is shown and transferred using a model rollercoaster. This lab also demonstrates the Law of Conservation of Energy.…
Slavery existed in all the British American colonies. Africans were brought to America to work, mainly in agriculture. In Virginia, most slaves worked in tobacco fields. Men, women, and children worked from sunup to sundown, with only Sunday to rest. It was hard, backbreaking work.…
Attachment theory is a psychological theory which investigates the bond between individuals; it in effect refers primarily to the relationship and bond between a baby and their primary caregiver. Early attachment research was conducted through experiments with animals. Dependency on a presence of another being as an infant is essential to survival within all species. As Psychoanalyst Winnicott (1964: p.88) observed…
Bowlby’s theory of attachment suggests that children instinctually form attachments with others to help them survive. Overtime children learn to depend on the caregiver and recognize that they will be there to comfort them and keep them safe. Attachment behaviors develop to protect against situations that threaten the closeness of those attachments. Bowlby suggested that infants and mothers have a biological need to stay in contact with each other so the child would have a secure base for exploring the world.…
Attachment theory is a concept in developmental psychology that concerns the importance of "attachment" in regards to personal development. John Bowlby was the first Psychologist to experiment this childhood development that he believed depended heavily upon a child's ability to form a strong relationship with at least one primary caregiver. Bowlby’s studies led him to believe that children needed someone dominant for support and reassurance. Without this relationship, Bowlby felt that children would long for stability and security. On the other side of this theory, he believed a child with a strong attachment to a parent knows that they will have their “backs”, and will tend to be more adventurous and eager to have new experiences. Mary Ainsworth…
The Attachment theory is the focal point of understanding the physically and emotional relationships among individuals that starts off with the first interactive love relationship that usually involves a primary caregiver as an infant which is usually your mother. Within the Attachment Theory it is the mother/child bond that develops the infant’s brain development to create self-esteem, how you view others, ability to trust and how to eventually develop a successful adult relationship. Parents that are present, dependable and responsive to the needs of the child allow them to build up a sense of safety which creates a secure base for the child to then explore the world.…
As human beings we are born into life with an innate need to feel connected to those that surround us. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth have known this need for a sense of psychological lasting connectedness as attachment theory. Attachment theory is a theory, or group of theories, about the psychological tendency to seek closeness to another person, to feel secure when that person is present, and to feel anxious when that person is absent. In Theories of Development by William Crain it is proposed that attachment theory developed through evolution as it is stated that:…
Bowlby’s theory is an evolutionary theory because, in his view attachment is a behavioural system that has evolved because of its survival value and, ultimately, its reproductive value. According to Bowlby, children have an innate drive to become attached to a caregiver because attachment has long-term benefits. Both attachment and imprinting ensure that a young animal stays close to a caregiver who will feed and protect the young animal. Thus attachment and imprinting are adaptive behaviours. Infants who do not become attached are less likely to survive and reproduce. Attachment ‘genes’ are perpetuated, and infants are born with an innate drive to become attached.…
One explanation of attachment is Bowlby’s theory who described attachment as "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings" Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. According to Bowlby, attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival. The main theme of attachment theory is that mothers who are available and responsive to their infant's needs establish a sense of security. The infant knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then explore the world.…
In the development through the lifespan textbook, Feldman mentions that the most important part of a child's life is attachment. It all starts when an infant at the end of the first year develops stranger and separation anxiety (Feldman, 2007). When children are around their parents and other caregivers, they feel safe at all times. When a child is around someone who is a stranger and not their caregiver, they're more likely to experience fear. According to John Bowlby's view of attachment, attachment is needed for children to feel safe and secure around their parents.…
As the scientific realm continues to expand, knowledge surrounding psychiatrist John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory has become increasingly popular in regards to human biological and psychological evolution. Specifically, understanding the cognitive development of the human infant provides justification to the naturally selected pathway that humans have ventured down; including why infant brains develop slower than those of most animals. Selective adaptation has intrinsically inflicted human infants with a period of time that renders them helpless and dependent on others for survival. Many members of the scientific community imply that the delay in infant development is necessary for facilitating the complex construction of the many cultural building blocks important to human dominance over other species. However, from an intra-species perspective, varying parenting attitudes reflect constraints on the necessities for raising a naturally fit individual. Bowlby suggested that attachment is a developing relationship established between a primary caregiver, usually the mother, and her child. (American Orthopsychiatry Association 2010) Attachment behaviors for infants begin early in life and are paralleled by a sponge-like time frame called the critical period. This relationship provides solidification to the foundation of a child 's development; if a child is raised with a sense of secure attachment, he or she will continue into adulthood with the same aptitude of security. With this type of development one will often perceive society as a safe place and will profoundly explore the development of other human emotions, which can be depicted as vitalities in human culture.…
There are several attachment styles that a child can develop in infancy. Ainsworth (1971) divided these into secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant, when working on her ‘Strange Situation’ research. The characteristics we associate with attachment styles will provide a child with a set of beliefs about themselves and the nature of relationships with others. These attachment styles can be seen as a indicator of the nature of their future adult relationships. For example, someone who is securely attached as a child can expect to have similar relationships throughout life.…
For this assignment, I am choosing to write about the Attachment Theory, because the concepts of this theory had captured my attention during class. The Attachment Theory was discovered by John Bowlby, which he had examined and analyzed the relationships between a child and their caregiver. Bowlby was attempting to understand the extreme distress from infants, who had been separated from their parents, which left the infants in discomfort. The most important stages of the Attachment Theory is during the first nine months of the infant’s life, when the bond of the newbond and caregiver must be endless, to create a trust and hopeful relationship. A child without a caregiver will likelyhood have relationship issues with another human being or…
Shakespeare's "Macbeth" and Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment explore the psychological depths of man. These two works examine tragedy as represented through the existential beliefs of many philosophers. Existentialist theory expresses the idea that man can satisfy his own needs, regardless of social codes, if he has the energy and ambition to act. Both Macbeth and Raskolnikov have the ambition to act, but each struggles internally with their actions, frightened of the consequences. Although these works examine the tragedy and remorse of Macbeth and Raskolnikov, the idea of a driving force within each character remains evident. Ultimately, William Shakespeare's "Macbeth" and Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment present similar aspects of the existential philosophy that examine the thoughts and actions of the two protagonists.…