Why The British Colonisation Of Australia
The British Colonisation of Australia
Timeline:
The Aboriginal Australian species originated from Africa approximately 200,000 years ago and migrated to Asia 70,000 years ago then continued to Australia 50,000 years ago.
Before 1788 only the Indigenous people of Australia - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, populated Australia. In 1788 Aboriginal people inhabited the whole of Australia and Torres Strait Islanders lived on the islands between Australian and Papua New Guinea, in what is now called the Torres Strait.
Originally there were two migratory groups of Aborigines that both migrated out of Africa. The first wave travelled from the eastern Africa to the area of the east coast of the Mediterranean. While the others migrated firstly to Central Asia then later on made their way to the North- West coast of Australia and Papa …show more content…
New Guinea around 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.
Approximately 50,000 years ago: The Indigenous tribes migrated out of Africa, the first group travelling all the way to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. Whilst the second, making their way to Asia firstly then arriving in Australia and settling. Hoping for no disturbances.
As the world was yet to be explored, Great Britain wanted to be first to discover and colonise the land to make it theirs, such as Australia. If Great Britain colonised Australia it would make them a much more powerful country. Even though the Aboriginals had settled in Australia over 50,000 years ago in 1770, Captain Cook arrived a shore and he seizes the land declaring possession for Britain. He then ordered his troops to colonise the land known as Australia and beating France in the race, by only a week.
However, the Mabo decision altered the foundation of land law in Australia by overturning the doctrine of terra nullius (land belonging to no-one) on which the British claims to possession of Australia were based. This recognition inserted the legal doctrine of native title into Australian law.
The Court also … that the native title existed for all Indigenous people in Australia prior to the establishment of the British Colony of New South Wales in 1788. In recognising that Indigenous people in Australia had a prior title to land before Cook 's declaration of possession in 1770. The decision of the High Court was swiftly followed by the Native Title Act in 1993, meaning that Indigenous people could seek recognition of their native title rights in Australia.
Terra Nullius is a Latin word for ‘no man’s land’ or a land belonging to no one. In International Law 'terra nullius ' describes territory that nobody owns so that the first nation to discover it is entitled to take it over, the same concept as "finder’s keepers"
1770:
Captain Cook claims to take possession of the whole east coast of Australia. By raising the British flag at Possession Island off the northern tip of the Cape York Peninsula.
Even though the new generation of the 21st century are grateful for one, major period in time for all our technological uses today. This time lead to the colonization of Australia and it was known as the Industrial Revolution. Since there was a growing number of people moving to the city, the demand for food, water and sanitary environments to provide for all its inhabitants were increasing. Since most of the population migrated to urban they left their farming lives behind. This resulted in a decrease of food, and stores upped their prices. People couldn’t not cope since they didn’t have enough funds to finance their needs. They began to steal food and got caught. Along came the convict life in Britain. It is portrayed in the picture below of a man who has been caught and charged with theft, his punishment is being whipped by police men, for attempting to survive in what was then, the modern days of Britain. The bystanders who observe this inhuman act, are also just as defective since they are encouraging this act.
August 22nd 1787 - The Industrial Revolution Period: The Birth of the convict population all started because of high prices in stores. Citizens of Britain couldn’t afford food for their families’ yet them selves, this lead to crime on the streets.
The British jails were overflowing with convicts, so they started to move them Hulks (Similar to a jail however is located on partly on water) that were storing convicts, close to the parliament house. Yet imprisonment was also used for punishing people who were in debt and could not pay their bills, thus was also a growing issue at the time. England was becoming overcrowded with convicts and at the opening of parliament 1787, King George the third sated that “a plan has been formed for transporting a number of convicts, in order to remove the inconvenience which arose from the crowed state of the gaols in different parts of the kingdom.” Additionally, a letter from Lord Sydney confirms the fact that Great Britain wished to send convicts to Australia due to overcrowding.
Captain Cook told Britain that he believed that Australia was fit for colonisation because grains and fruits, etc, would flourish here. Authorities wanted to grow roots and also get rid of the convict population, so decided that they would send the convicts to Australia sentencing them to a Penal settlement. For punishment they would cultivate grains, plants and fruits for Britain, which could then be traded in near by regions. Making Great Britain extremely powerful having yet colonized Australia and creating money from the circle of trade. After moving further into the harbor, on 26 January 1788 Phillip raised the British flag at Sydney Cove. 751 convicts and their children disembarked, along with 252 marines and their families. From 1788 to 1823, the Colony of New South Wales was officially a penal colony comprised mainly of convicts, soldiers and the wives of soldiers.
1788: According to Pitt, in his Government’s plan for Botany Bay settlement, New South Wales, it seems particularly adapted to answer the view of the government with respect to providing a remedy for evils likely to result from the numerous increases in felons in this country. Additionally, Phillip raised the British flag at Sydney cove and the arrival of the Convicts at Botany Bay.
In the winter of 1791, when George Vancouver claimed the Albany region in Western Australia in the name of King George III, the process of British colonization began.
Initially, the European explorers had reasonably friendly relations with the Aboriginal people. Governor Phillip always encouraged the new settlers to treat Aboriginal people fairly. Phillip traded items such as axes and cloth with Aboriginal people in exchange for food and water.
The relationship became hostile when Aboriginal people realized that the colonizers would seriously disturb their lives. The settlers took away land, natural food resources and the order of a normal life from Aborigines. Between 1790 and 1810, clan people of the Eora group in the Sydney area, led by Pemulwuy of the Bidjigal clan, undertook a series of attacks against the English colonizers.
When Macquarie became governor in 1810, the clashes between the settlers and Aboriginal people increased. Governor Macquarie believed that the best way to treat Aboriginal people was to 'civilise ' them. That meant replacing the traditional Aboriginal way of life with European ways.
Macquarie tried to send Aboriginal children to school but many left or returned to their tribes after a short time. Macquarie tried to create a settlement for Aboriginal people by teaching them farming and building techniques. His attempts failed because Aboriginal people did not want to become farmers. After all his failures, Macquarie then made laws to place Aboriginal people under British control. Under these laws it was permitted to shoot Aboriginal people if they resisted. This was called the frontier wars.
1824: Tasmania NSW
In Tasmania, settlers are authorised to shoot Indigenous Australians.
Martial law is declared in Bathurst NSW after Indigenous Australians becomes a serious threat to white settlement.
Between 1788 and 1900, the Aboriginal population was reduced by 90%. Three main reasons for this was the introduction of new diseases, loss of land and loss of people through direct fighting with the colonizers.
The most immediate consequence of British settlement was the appearance of European diseases. Most were epidemic diseases such as chickenpox, smallpox, influenza and measles. As these diseases were infectious, they spread very quickly and killed many Aboriginal people since they did not have the immunity to the diseases that were common to the European. In large Aboriginal communities, the diseases spread even more quickly. However, small pox was for most the worst disease since it wiped out entire Aboriginal tribes. As you can see in the graph below in only 9 months from during 1925 in Milwaykee, the infectious disease killed approximately 92 people in only one
city.
1788-1900: The British introduce new diseases to the Aboriginals effects them in large quantities. Decreasing the whole Aboriginal population by 90%.
1835: NSW Non-indigenous citizens can be sent to gaol with hard labour for "lodging or wandering in company with any of the black natives of the colony". This clause appears in various legislation well into the following century including all Vagrancy Acts.
In 1851, Edward Hargraves discovered a 'grain of gold ' in a waterhole near Bathurst in Southeastern Australia. Many white pastoral workers left their stock farms in search for gold to earn mineral wealth. Many Aboriginal men, women and children were hired to work in cattle stations and in other less popular industries, such as diving for pearls. Instead of being paid, Aboriginal people received food, clothing and other basic necessities that the white people had. So the Victorian authorities, eager to prevent its population from joining the gold frenzy in NSW, offered a reward of 200 for any gold found within 200 miles of Melbourne. Australia’s population increased to over 540,000, and also 370,000 immigrants arrived in Australia’s ports one year after the discovery in 1852.
1850 -The Gold Rush: Gold was discovered driving many white workers to leave their farms in hope to find gold.
The Board for the Protection of Aborigines is established. The Governor can order the removal of any child to a reformatory or industrial school. The Protection Board can remove children from families be housed in dormitories. From 1886 the Victorian Board had been empowered to apprentice Indigenous Australians ' children when they reach thirteen. Children require permission to visit their families on the stations. As you can tell the British were willing to do anything to have power and stay in control.
1869: As shown in “The Rabbit-Proof Fence,” The Governor can now remove any Aboriginal child from their families.
1901:
Commonwealth of Australia formed. Aboriginal people are excluded from the census and the lawmaking powers of the Commonwealth Parliament. The Commonwealth Constitution states “in reckoning the numbers of people... Aboriginal natives shall not be counted”. It also states that the Commonwealth would legislate for any race except Aborigines. The states therefore retain their power over Aboriginal Affairs. White Australia Policy bars ‘coloured’ immigrants and denies Aboriginal existence. Aboriginal people are excluded from the vote, pensions, employment in post offices, and enlistment in Armed Forces, maternity allowance.
Bibliography: http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/european-discovery-and-colonisation http://www.ub.edu/dpfilsa/2ballyn.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_nullius http://reconciliaction.org.au/nsw/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/timeline_2008.pdf http://www.teachingheritage.nsw.edu.au/section03/timeindig.php https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/.../02Whole_Dowling.pdf http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-gold-rush http://www.smh.com.au/money/investing/greed-feeds-a-gold-rush-20100928-15uxu.html http://www.goldoz.com.au/gold_rush.0.html By Phillipe Adamtchek 9C
Timeline:
The Aboriginal Australian species originated from Africa approximately 200,000 years ago and migrated to Asia 70,000 years ago then continued to Australia 50,000 years ago.
Before 1788 only the Indigenous people of Australia - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, populated Australia. In 1788 Aboriginal people inhabited the whole of Australia and Torres Strait Islanders lived on the islands between Australian and Papua New Guinea, in what is now called the Torres Strait.
Originally there were two migratory groups of Aborigines that both migrated out of Africa. The first wave travelled from the eastern Africa to the area of the east coast of the Mediterranean. While the others migrated firstly to Central Asia then later on made their way to the North- West coast of Australia and Papa …show more content…
New Guinea around 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.
Approximately 50,000 years ago: The Indigenous tribes migrated out of Africa, the first group travelling all the way to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. Whilst the second, making their way to Asia firstly then arriving in Australia and settling. Hoping for no disturbances.
As the world was yet to be explored, Great Britain wanted to be first to discover and colonise the land to make it theirs, such as Australia. If Great Britain colonised Australia it would make them a much more powerful country. Even though the Aboriginals had settled in Australia over 50,000 years ago in 1770, Captain Cook arrived a shore and he seizes the land declaring possession for Britain. He then ordered his troops to colonise the land known as Australia and beating France in the race, by only a week.
However, the Mabo decision altered the foundation of land law in Australia by overturning the doctrine of terra nullius (land belonging to no-one) on which the British claims to possession of Australia were based. This recognition inserted the legal doctrine of native title into Australian law.
The Court also … that the native title existed for all Indigenous people in Australia prior to the establishment of the British Colony of New South Wales in 1788. In recognising that Indigenous people in Australia had a prior title to land before Cook 's declaration of possession in 1770. The decision of the High Court was swiftly followed by the Native Title Act in 1993, meaning that Indigenous people could seek recognition of their native title rights in Australia.
Terra Nullius is a Latin word for ‘no man’s land’ or a land belonging to no one. In International Law 'terra nullius ' describes territory that nobody owns so that the first nation to discover it is entitled to take it over, the same concept as "finder’s keepers"
1770:
Captain Cook claims to take possession of the whole east coast of Australia. By raising the British flag at Possession Island off the northern tip of the Cape York Peninsula.
Even though the new generation of the 21st century are grateful for one, major period in time for all our technological uses today. This time lead to the colonization of Australia and it was known as the Industrial Revolution. Since there was a growing number of people moving to the city, the demand for food, water and sanitary environments to provide for all its inhabitants were increasing. Since most of the population migrated to urban they left their farming lives behind. This resulted in a decrease of food, and stores upped their prices. People couldn’t not cope since they didn’t have enough funds to finance their needs. They began to steal food and got caught. Along came the convict life in Britain. It is portrayed in the picture below of a man who has been caught and charged with theft, his punishment is being whipped by police men, for attempting to survive in what was then, the modern days of Britain. The bystanders who observe this inhuman act, are also just as defective since they are encouraging this act.
August 22nd 1787 - The Industrial Revolution Period: The Birth of the convict population all started because of high prices in stores. Citizens of Britain couldn’t afford food for their families’ yet them selves, this lead to crime on the streets.
The British jails were overflowing with convicts, so they started to move them Hulks (Similar to a jail however is located on partly on water) that were storing convicts, close to the parliament house. Yet imprisonment was also used for punishing people who were in debt and could not pay their bills, thus was also a growing issue at the time. England was becoming overcrowded with convicts and at the opening of parliament 1787, King George the third sated that “a plan has been formed for transporting a number of convicts, in order to remove the inconvenience which arose from the crowed state of the gaols in different parts of the kingdom.” Additionally, a letter from Lord Sydney confirms the fact that Great Britain wished to send convicts to Australia due to overcrowding.
Captain Cook told Britain that he believed that Australia was fit for colonisation because grains and fruits, etc, would flourish here. Authorities wanted to grow roots and also get rid of the convict population, so decided that they would send the convicts to Australia sentencing them to a Penal settlement. For punishment they would cultivate grains, plants and fruits for Britain, which could then be traded in near by regions. Making Great Britain extremely powerful having yet colonized Australia and creating money from the circle of trade. After moving further into the harbor, on 26 January 1788 Phillip raised the British flag at Sydney Cove. 751 convicts and their children disembarked, along with 252 marines and their families. From 1788 to 1823, the Colony of New South Wales was officially a penal colony comprised mainly of convicts, soldiers and the wives of soldiers.
1788: According to Pitt, in his Government’s plan for Botany Bay settlement, New South Wales, it seems particularly adapted to answer the view of the government with respect to providing a remedy for evils likely to result from the numerous increases in felons in this country. Additionally, Phillip raised the British flag at Sydney cove and the arrival of the Convicts at Botany Bay.
In the winter of 1791, when George Vancouver claimed the Albany region in Western Australia in the name of King George III, the process of British colonization began.
Initially, the European explorers had reasonably friendly relations with the Aboriginal people. Governor Phillip always encouraged the new settlers to treat Aboriginal people fairly. Phillip traded items such as axes and cloth with Aboriginal people in exchange for food and water.
The relationship became hostile when Aboriginal people realized that the colonizers would seriously disturb their lives. The settlers took away land, natural food resources and the order of a normal life from Aborigines. Between 1790 and 1810, clan people of the Eora group in the Sydney area, led by Pemulwuy of the Bidjigal clan, undertook a series of attacks against the English colonizers.
When Macquarie became governor in 1810, the clashes between the settlers and Aboriginal people increased. Governor Macquarie believed that the best way to treat Aboriginal people was to 'civilise ' them. That meant replacing the traditional Aboriginal way of life with European ways.
Macquarie tried to send Aboriginal children to school but many left or returned to their tribes after a short time. Macquarie tried to create a settlement for Aboriginal people by teaching them farming and building techniques. His attempts failed because Aboriginal people did not want to become farmers. After all his failures, Macquarie then made laws to place Aboriginal people under British control. Under these laws it was permitted to shoot Aboriginal people if they resisted. This was called the frontier wars.
1824: Tasmania NSW
In Tasmania, settlers are authorised to shoot Indigenous Australians.
Martial law is declared in Bathurst NSW after Indigenous Australians becomes a serious threat to white settlement.
Between 1788 and 1900, the Aboriginal population was reduced by 90%. Three main reasons for this was the introduction of new diseases, loss of land and loss of people through direct fighting with the colonizers.
The most immediate consequence of British settlement was the appearance of European diseases. Most were epidemic diseases such as chickenpox, smallpox, influenza and measles. As these diseases were infectious, they spread very quickly and killed many Aboriginal people since they did not have the immunity to the diseases that were common to the European. In large Aboriginal communities, the diseases spread even more quickly. However, small pox was for most the worst disease since it wiped out entire Aboriginal tribes. As you can see in the graph below in only 9 months from during 1925 in Milwaykee, the infectious disease killed approximately 92 people in only one
city.
1788-1900: The British introduce new diseases to the Aboriginals effects them in large quantities. Decreasing the whole Aboriginal population by 90%.
1835: NSW Non-indigenous citizens can be sent to gaol with hard labour for "lodging or wandering in company with any of the black natives of the colony". This clause appears in various legislation well into the following century including all Vagrancy Acts.
In 1851, Edward Hargraves discovered a 'grain of gold ' in a waterhole near Bathurst in Southeastern Australia. Many white pastoral workers left their stock farms in search for gold to earn mineral wealth. Many Aboriginal men, women and children were hired to work in cattle stations and in other less popular industries, such as diving for pearls. Instead of being paid, Aboriginal people received food, clothing and other basic necessities that the white people had. So the Victorian authorities, eager to prevent its population from joining the gold frenzy in NSW, offered a reward of 200 for any gold found within 200 miles of Melbourne. Australia’s population increased to over 540,000, and also 370,000 immigrants arrived in Australia’s ports one year after the discovery in 1852.
1850 -The Gold Rush: Gold was discovered driving many white workers to leave their farms in hope to find gold.
The Board for the Protection of Aborigines is established. The Governor can order the removal of any child to a reformatory or industrial school. The Protection Board can remove children from families be housed in dormitories. From 1886 the Victorian Board had been empowered to apprentice Indigenous Australians ' children when they reach thirteen. Children require permission to visit their families on the stations. As you can tell the British were willing to do anything to have power and stay in control.
1869: As shown in “The Rabbit-Proof Fence,” The Governor can now remove any Aboriginal child from their families.
1901:
Commonwealth of Australia formed. Aboriginal people are excluded from the census and the lawmaking powers of the Commonwealth Parliament. The Commonwealth Constitution states “in reckoning the numbers of people... Aboriginal natives shall not be counted”. It also states that the Commonwealth would legislate for any race except Aborigines. The states therefore retain their power over Aboriginal Affairs. White Australia Policy bars ‘coloured’ immigrants and denies Aboriginal existence. Aboriginal people are excluded from the vote, pensions, employment in post offices, and enlistment in Armed Forces, maternity allowance.
Bibliography: http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/european-discovery-and-colonisation http://www.ub.edu/dpfilsa/2ballyn.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_nullius http://reconciliaction.org.au/nsw/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/timeline_2008.pdf http://www.teachingheritage.nsw.edu.au/section03/timeindig.php https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/.../02Whole_Dowling.pdf http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-gold-rush http://www.smh.com.au/money/investing/greed-feeds-a-gold-rush-20100928-15uxu.html http://www.goldoz.com.au/gold_rush.0.html By Phillipe Adamtchek 9C