After the wolves were reintroduced it began to restore the trophic cascade. The reduced browsing because of the altered behavior allowed increase in the recruitment of woody plants like Aspen (Populus tremuloides) and willow (Salix spp.) (Ripple and Beschta 2012). Without the elk decimating woody plants populations they were able to regenerate. This resulted in an increase in multiple species native to the park. These species included bison (Bison bison), beaver (Castor canadensis), and bears (Ursus arctos). The relative abundance and richness of 6/7 species of songbirds also increased because of the increased recruitment (Ripple and Beschta 2012). The wolves also have a positive effect on the age/sex structure. By concentrating on calves and older females they consistently eliminate the older sicker elk that are less suitable to survive. The wolves rarely prey on females in their reproductive prime or full grown males. The reintroduction has also had a positive effect on the bison population. The elk and bison share 80% of the same browsing food source. As elk are driven from their preferred browsing areas the bison are able to exploit the areas with the most nutritional…
One of many reasons the B.C wolf cull should continue is because the caribou population is intensely decreasing and wolves are the cause. The wolf population is not endangered and do not have predators which will affect the food chain negatively. In this case, shortening the wolf species would not impact their population greatly. For instance, in B.C 15 of 31 caribou herds are threatened (Government of B.C, no date) and the number will quickly increase if nothing is done to the wolves. If no action is taken place in order to save the caribou, it will be too late and canadas _______animal will soon be extinct. This important because having a steady, controlled cull saves both species from over exploitation and endangerment.…
Landscape of Fear In “Scared to Death” by Ed Yong, he discusses how the addition of one predator can cause a cascade effect on the remaining prey in the ecosystem. The grey wolf was originally eradicated in the Yellowstone Park in order to increase quality of life for the elk. The elk was the natural prey of the wolf, and faced dwindling populations due to its presence. Following the elimination of the removal of the wolves, the elk population flourished, reaching numbers as high as 19,000. This eventually turned out to not be 100% good news for the park, as the elk greatly diminished the park’s trees.…
In the last decade wolves were brought from Canada to Yellowstone to reproduce because over the years the wolf population has been down. They have been transported there for scientists to learn more about wolves. Because the wolves disappeared for 17 years.…
Directions: Complete the following quiz, which will be submitted to your instructor for a grade.…
For these solutions it is possible to make both parties happy. By making a federal law against killing wolves, moving the wolves away from livestock somewhere farther but close to kaibab, and hiring hunters to kill kaibab so they don't require wolves to do it. These are all the solutions possible that the park could use to help these to…
The finial reason that grey wolves should not be reintroduced to the Yellowstone area is that the elk populations will deplete severely. At the end of the year of 2012 there were at least 97 wolves in the park, and those wolves killed 211 elk. Reports have shown that 60% of the population has died. Going from 15,000 to 6,000. If the wolves continue to reproduce and multiply as they are doing now than in the near future there may not be any more elk in the Yellowstone National Park.…
The purpose of this memo is to explain the causes of extinction within the Red wolf population and the Black bear population. The topics chosen explain how this issue came about, what factors created, and provided some solutions on how to prevent it and keep these endangered species’ population thriving. There were several ways the black bear and red wolf came to the brink of extinction and these article provide multiple solutions to sustain and endangered species.…
The problem with offering money is that some ranchers have accepted it, but used that money to pay hunters to kill as many wolves as possible (nytimes, 2011). Ranchers do not believe that it is necessary to keep wolf populations as high as they are (nytimes, 2011). The fourth article discussed how the court was going to uphold Congress’s act to remove the wolf from the endangered species list (latimes, 2012). The main viewpoints are the agencies that support Congress’s decision to take the wolf off the list versus the environmental groups (latimes, 2012). The environmental groups were arguing that the rider that Congress issued in 2011 was a violation of the separation of powers doctrine (latimes, 2012). However, it was revealed that the separation of powers doctrine was not violated and that states should still get the rights to determine wolf population numbers (latimes, 2012). In the fifth article, state governments versus environmental groups are the main viewpoints (nytimes, 2013). State governments believe that they are the most competent to make decisions about the future of wolves (nytimes, 2013). Reports indicate that wolf populations remain…
Wolves and humans have been coexisting for hundreds of years. Before Europeans conquered our vast country, wolves held a very esteemed place in Native American culture, as they were vital to forest ecosystems, and were often believed to be spiritual beings in many tribes (kidsplanet 1). As much as they were honored in tribal cultures, others feared them. Children’s fables often described them as “the big bad wolf” in stories such as Little Red Riding hood and The Three Little Pigs (kidsplanet 1). Settlers saw wolves in this way because they were a sort of competition, dwindling stock and wild game numbers (kidsplanet 1). Even into the 20th century, the belief that wolves were still a threat to human safety continued despite documentation to the contrary, and by the 1970s, the lower forty eight states had wolf populations less than three percent of their historical range, about 500 to 1,000 wolves (kidsplanet 1). In a book written by Bruce Hampton called The Great American Wolf, he states,…
In the time we live in today we still struggle with the issue of wildlife conservation. Wildlife conservation is important, as animals can not speak for the selves and need us to create a voice for them. Former United States President Jimmy Carter has a strong opinion towards wildlife conservation shown in a foreword to Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land. In the foreword by Jimmy Carter, he uses effective rhetorical devices in his argument to persuade his audience that the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge should not be developed for industry.…
In addition to eliminating weak members of elk herds, hence strengthening the heard as a whole, wolves keep herds on the move and maintain the balance of the herd in reform to the fragile wilderness. In moving the herd frequently, wolves preserve groves of aspens and other smooth-barked trees, improving the stability of the ground and preventing damaging erosion, especially near river and stream banks essential for the survival of fish, beavers, and even aquatic-oriented birds. An imbalance in the wolf population has repercussions on the entire ecosystem, ranging from the more easily seen populations of elk to the more blurred effects on fish and expanding even further to animals who depend on fish, ultimately affecting even markets in our economy. This “trophic cascade,” named by biologists and ecologists, have a wide array of repercussions which can occasionally be irreversible. Entire populations can easily be wiped clear from existence, giving way to a devastating mudslide of devastation and a whole new era of demanding complications. In a field study, Ecologist William Ripple and his Oregon State University colleague Robert Beschta reported that “within three years after wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park elk populations fell, pockets of trees and shrubs began rebounding. Beavers returned, coyote numbers dropped and habitat flourished for fish and birds.” And yet, people…
Zoos have played a great part in our society since the very beginning. As our society began expanding it caused great amounts of deforestation and habitat destruction. Over the centuries this process has become more violent than ever before. According to Alina Bradford a live science contributor mentions that we are permanently destructing forest of an estimated 18 million acres per year according to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization. Bradford claims how deforestation has rapidly increased over the years. She gives the example of how 90 percent of continental United States’ indigenous forest has been removed since 1600.…
Even though it is described in a variety of way the common ground is that all the characters in one way or another dislike the company they are in. One of the main characters is Mrs. Ramsay who also plays the role as host in this particular excerpt is very proper and critical of those around her. She almost seem to be bored of her life and thinks that the people around her are undeserving of her company.…
Grey wolves can recognize the position of prey and encircle them. usually the alpha guides the hunt. The beta and delta may likewise take an interest hunting occasionally. However, in an abstract search space we have no idea about the position of the optimum (prey). For mathematically simulating the hunting behavior of grey wolves, we consider that the α (best candidate solution), β, and δ have better knowledge about the position of prey. Hence we save the first three best solutions got so far and oblige the other search candidates (including the omegas) to update their locations according to the position of the best search agents. The following formulas are proposed…