Women and Globalization-a Study of 180 Countries, 1975-2000
Forthcoming: International Organization (2006)
Women and Globalization: A Study of 180 Countries, 1975-2000
Mark M. Gray Georgetown University Miki Caul Kittilson Arizona State University Wayne Sandholtz University of California, Irvine
A grant from the Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of California, Irvine supported this research. An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2004 Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association. The authors are grateful for constructive comments from participants in the faculty research colloquium of the Department of Political Science at Brigham Young University, and for the helpful suggestions of the editor of IO, Lisa Martin, and two anonymous reviewers.
Abstract
Women and Globalization: A Study of 180 Countries, 1975-2000
Mark M. Gray, Miki Caul Kittilson, and Wayne Sandholtz
How do rising levels of international interconnectedness affect social, economic, and political conditions for women? Research on gender and international relations frequently offers clear propositions, but seldom submits them to broad, quantitative testing. This paper begins to fill that gap. We advance the hypothesis that, on balance and over time, increasing cross-national exchange and communication lead to improvements in women’s status and equality. Economic aspects of globalization can bring new opportunities and resources to women. But equally important, globalization promotes the diffusion of ideas and norms of equality for women. In an analysis of 180 countries from 1975-2000, utilizing cross-sectional time-series regression techniques, we examine the impact of several measures of globalization on women’s levels of life expectancy, literacy, and participation in the economy and parliamentary office. International trade, foreign direct investment, membership in the UN and World Bank, and ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women and Globalization: A Study of 180 Countries, 1975-2000
Mark M. Gray Georgetown University Miki Caul Kittilson Arizona State University Wayne Sandholtz University of California, Irvine
A grant from the Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of California, Irvine supported this research. An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2004 Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association. The authors are grateful for constructive comments from participants in the faculty research colloquium of the Department of Political Science at Brigham Young University, and for the helpful suggestions of the editor of IO, Lisa Martin, and two anonymous reviewers.
Abstract
Women and Globalization: A Study of 180 Countries, 1975-2000
Mark M. Gray, Miki Caul Kittilson, and Wayne Sandholtz
How do rising levels of international interconnectedness affect social, economic, and political conditions for women? Research on gender and international relations frequently offers clear propositions, but seldom submits them to broad, quantitative testing. This paper begins to fill that gap. We advance the hypothesis that, on balance and over time, increasing cross-national exchange and communication lead to improvements in women’s status and equality. Economic aspects of globalization can bring new opportunities and resources to women. But equally important, globalization promotes the diffusion of ideas and norms of equality for women. In an analysis of 180 countries from 1975-2000, utilizing cross-sectional time-series regression techniques, we examine the impact of several measures of globalization on women’s levels of life expectancy, literacy, and participation in the economy and parliamentary office. International trade, foreign direct investment, membership in the UN and World Bank, and ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
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