WORK STUDY WORK MEASUREMENT
WORK STUDY &WORK MEASUREMENT
INTRODUCTION
IN 1820S IN ENGLAND, THE FIRST EFFORTS TO CUT COSTS
AND INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY BEGAN.
FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR ( 1881 ) ORGANIZED
THE RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DEVELOPED MORE
FORMAL METHODS.
HE IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT.
OBJECTIVE OF TAYLOR
•
ELIMINATE IDLE TIME FOR
WORKERS AND MACHINES.
•
ELIMINATE DUPLICATION OF
EFFORT.
•
STREAMLINE THE FLOW OF
WORK THROUGH THE FIRM.
•
REARRANGE TASK
SEQUENCES FOR MORE
EFFICIENCY
•
REDUCE JOBS TO SHORTCYCLE , REPETITIVE ONES
FOR HIGHER
PRODUCTIVITY AND
EVENTUAL REPLACEMENT
OF HUMANS WITH
MACHINES.
•
SYSTEMATIC REDUCTION
OF SKILL REQUIREMENTS
IN EACH JOB.
COMPONENTS OF WORK STUDY
JOB DESIGN OF BMW
• NORMAL WORKING HOURS = 48 labour hours/week • WHEN DEMAND RISES= 110 labour hours/week
FLOW PROCESS CHART
EMPLOYEE- MACHINE
ACTIVITY CHART
EMPLOYEE- MACHINE
ACTIVITY CHART
WORK MEASUREMENT
WORK SAMPLING
TIME STUDY
WORK SAMPLING
ESTABLISHING LABOUR AND PRODUCTION STANDARDS.
DISCOVERING HOW EMPLOYEES ALLOCATE THEIR TIME
FOR BOTH WORK AND NON-WORK ACTIVITY.
PROVIDES THE BASE FOR STAFFING CHANGES, JOB
TRAINING, REASSIGNMENTS OF DUTIES, HIRING, AND
TERMINATION.
STEPS INVOLVED IN WORK
SAMPLING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ESTABLISH THE PURPOSE
IDENTIFY THE SUBJECTS
IDENTIFY THE MEASURE OF OUTPUT
ESTABLISH A TIME PERIOD
DEFINE THE ACTIVITIES
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS
NEEDED
7. SCHEDULE THE OBSERVATIONS
8. INFORM THE PERSONNEL INVOLVED
9. RECORD THE RAW DATA
10.SUMMARIZE THE DATA
WORK SAMPLING
P
E
R
C
E
N
T
A
G
E
TIME STUDY
EXAMPLE
PROBLEM STATEMENT
20 WORKERS
5 CYCLES EACH WORKER
TOTAL OBSERVED TIME 400 MINUTES
REQUIREMENT
DEVELOP A TIME STANDARD FOR A PARTICULAR WORKER.
TIME STUDY
• OBSERVED TIME = 4 MINUTES
• NORMAL TIME = 3.4 MINUTES
• STANDARD TIME = 3.920 MINUTES
(ASSUMING PERFORMANCE RATING
HIGH)
TIME STUDY
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
(NT) AND
(ST) ARE SOMETIMES COMPUTED
FOR EACH ELEMENT OF A JOB BECAUSE THE
INTRODUCTION
IN 1820S IN ENGLAND, THE FIRST EFFORTS TO CUT COSTS
AND INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY BEGAN.
FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR ( 1881 ) ORGANIZED
THE RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DEVELOPED MORE
FORMAL METHODS.
HE IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT.
OBJECTIVE OF TAYLOR
•
ELIMINATE IDLE TIME FOR
WORKERS AND MACHINES.
•
ELIMINATE DUPLICATION OF
EFFORT.
•
STREAMLINE THE FLOW OF
WORK THROUGH THE FIRM.
•
REARRANGE TASK
SEQUENCES FOR MORE
EFFICIENCY
•
REDUCE JOBS TO SHORTCYCLE , REPETITIVE ONES
FOR HIGHER
PRODUCTIVITY AND
EVENTUAL REPLACEMENT
OF HUMANS WITH
MACHINES.
•
SYSTEMATIC REDUCTION
OF SKILL REQUIREMENTS
IN EACH JOB.
COMPONENTS OF WORK STUDY
JOB DESIGN OF BMW
• NORMAL WORKING HOURS = 48 labour hours/week • WHEN DEMAND RISES= 110 labour hours/week
FLOW PROCESS CHART
EMPLOYEE- MACHINE
ACTIVITY CHART
EMPLOYEE- MACHINE
ACTIVITY CHART
WORK MEASUREMENT
WORK SAMPLING
TIME STUDY
WORK SAMPLING
ESTABLISHING LABOUR AND PRODUCTION STANDARDS.
DISCOVERING HOW EMPLOYEES ALLOCATE THEIR TIME
FOR BOTH WORK AND NON-WORK ACTIVITY.
PROVIDES THE BASE FOR STAFFING CHANGES, JOB
TRAINING, REASSIGNMENTS OF DUTIES, HIRING, AND
TERMINATION.
STEPS INVOLVED IN WORK
SAMPLING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ESTABLISH THE PURPOSE
IDENTIFY THE SUBJECTS
IDENTIFY THE MEASURE OF OUTPUT
ESTABLISH A TIME PERIOD
DEFINE THE ACTIVITIES
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS
NEEDED
7. SCHEDULE THE OBSERVATIONS
8. INFORM THE PERSONNEL INVOLVED
9. RECORD THE RAW DATA
10.SUMMARIZE THE DATA
WORK SAMPLING
P
E
R
C
E
N
T
A
G
E
TIME STUDY
EXAMPLE
PROBLEM STATEMENT
20 WORKERS
5 CYCLES EACH WORKER
TOTAL OBSERVED TIME 400 MINUTES
REQUIREMENT
DEVELOP A TIME STANDARD FOR A PARTICULAR WORKER.
TIME STUDY
• OBSERVED TIME = 4 MINUTES
• NORMAL TIME = 3.4 MINUTES
• STANDARD TIME = 3.920 MINUTES
(ASSUMING PERFORMANCE RATING
HIGH)
TIME STUDY
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
(NT) AND
(ST) ARE SOMETIMES COMPUTED
FOR EACH ELEMENT OF A JOB BECAUSE THE