It was the political journalist, George Megalogenis who wrote in his book Fault Lines that it was ‘wogs and women’ who laboured to create modern Australia (2003, p.28). Megalogenis posits ‘wogs’ as the low paid, unskilled or under-skilled ‘working’ class, post World War II migrants. The Marxist principle of a reserve army of labour – which includes unskilled as well as casual or precarious labour and women – proposes that, as supply of labour is constant and abundant; the wages of this group are kept low. Horizontal inequality has resulted from women’s double burden of being underpaid for performing the same private work as men as well as the seemingly sole responsibility of unpaid, domestic labour. Concurrently, ongoing engendered disadvantage is on display in the high levels of vertical inequality whereby opportunities for the advancement of women within market society and the broader economy are stifled. These issues are further propagated by state policies that, for example, attach parental leave payment levels to the lower income of the household further relegating women to the lowest pay levels and entrenching the inequity that the gender pay gap creates. Attempts at economic empowerment and longer term prosperity that come from uninterrupted engagement in the workforce as enjoyed by men are further sabotaged by this disincentive. This essay will argue that both classism and gender based inequity have intersected to create serious financial and social disadvantage to women. Moreover, this paper will explore how both formal and informal institutions; structure and agency - whilst providing basic rights - have intertwined to create ongoing class and gender based inequality for women within market society.…
The 1870 Forster Education Act was the primary piece of legislation which dealt directly with the provision of education in Britain. It made education compulsory, up to the age of 10. It was paired with the 1870 Factory Act, which took children out of employment, mainly from mining and factory work. This act was passed by the government to educate its work force and create a more skilled and literate labour market. Education was also seen as anti- revolutionary, by giving the working class improvements in conditions, and thus reducing the chance of a working revolt. It created a greater amount of social control, school was seen a tool to regulate the new generation. All these were beneficial to the state. But Philanthropists, Dr Banardos and Lord Shaftbury concluded the Act was beneficial for the poor and working class. Due to the fact it created a fairer society. Before this act only those who could afford school and religious people were educated. (Guy. 2014.1)…
In Gregory Mantsios’s essay, “Class in America” he discusses his point of view on social classes in America and the impact it has on people. Mantsios pulls information from a number of different sources. He looks at differences in wealth distribution. He discusses the health concerns. He then looks at educational success, and the correlation between social class and better economic success. He claims that, “we mistakenly hold a set of beliefs that obscure the reality of class differences and their impact on people’s lives.” (698). Gregory Mantsios succeeds at proving his claim because of the amount of evidence he presents.…
Australia is a modern multifaceted society, with many distinct demographics each with their own interests. In such a diverse society, it is impossible to expect complete harmony amongst every demographic, but ideally co-existence of all groups in a détente can be achieved through mutual recognition and communication. However, increasingly common social conflict, volatile relations and polarisation of demographics in Australian society is demonstrating a widening of divisions between communities, parties and ideologies in ‘The Lucky Country’. CLASS Australian society, quite distinct from it’s British heritage, is no longer a society that is primarily drawn along class lines. Where in the past class was one of the most significant issues in the…
Educational policies have important effects on inequalities between class subcultures in education, I have picked out three of the educational polices between 1944 and 1988 that I believe has influenced working class achievement the most, the butler tripartite system in 1944, the comprehensive system in 1965+, and the ERA (new right policy) in 1988.…
Marxists take a critical view of the role of education. Capitalist society is essentially a two-class system, with a ruling class exploiting the working class. Marxist see education as being run in the interests if the ruling class. For example, Althusser argues that education is an important ideological state apparatus that helps to control people’s ideas and beliefs. He suggests education has to purposes. It reproduces class inequalities through the generations by ensuring that most working-class pupils experience education failure. Education also legitimates this inequality, persuading the working class to accept educational and social inequalities. Other Marxists have also pointed to the existence of a hidden curriculum in schools.…
In her essay, “Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work,” Jean Anyon(1980) writes about how social student education levels are not equal. She studied 5 different schools, in 5 different social classes, and wrote about how they differed and what was wrong with them. She went from school to school for a year, sitting in the classes of 5th graders and observing how every social class was different from the others.…
Outline some of the ways in which marketisation and selection policies may produce class differences in education…
In this paper I will analyzes the various literary techniques used in the essay “Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work” by author Jean Anyon as tools to persuade her audience of Professional Educators. In the 1980 article, Anyon examines, through imperial research, how elementary students of different socioeconomic status (SES) receive differing educations. Anyon affirms that access to an equal education is not easily accessible to those of the lower working class. Furthermore, Anyon attests that students from higher SES backgrounds have an advantage when it comes to receiving an adequate education. Her main argument is that that there is a "hidden curriculum" in schoolwork that shapes the future of students affected. Her essay provides thorough logos to support these beliefs provided by a study of “pupil evaluation” of five elementary schools located in New Jersey.…
| This Sociologist argues the working Class Subculture has four key features that acts as a barrier educational success.…
One way the working class identities can be considered to be negatively created and reinforced through the education system as for example, some working class pupils will the formal curriculum. Wills (1977) found that the working class ‘lads’ were not interested in school or qualifications because they had their minds set on factory jobs. However, this did not mean they truanted from school. The lads actually enjoyed going to school because they could have a laugh at the expense of teachers and conforming students. This shows that Education does little to reinforce the identities of the work class as traditionally working class men went into manual work which required little qualifications.…
Since Australia opened its doors to the rest of the world it has been widely regarded as a land of ‘golden opportunity’ well endowed in resources with a small population; it appeared to be an escape from the rigid aristocratic ruling of European nations (Furze, 2008: 349). For such a long time many Australians have been reluctant to recognise that social classes do in fact exist within our society and that these classes perpetuate inequality. To claim that all Australians are committed to a ‘fair go’ would be ignorant, and I will explore in this discussion the barriers that prohibit Australians from being equal. I will begin by providing an understanding of class constructs and stratification, I will then go on to highlight the inequalities inherent in different spheres of Australian society and how these inequalities are products of a class hierarchy. I have chosen to concentrate on healthcare; education and the legal system for these are resources that all citizens should have equal access to.…
The social structure of Britain has been highly influenced by the concept of social class. In sociology, the term ‘social class’ is most often used to refer to the primary system of social stratification found in modern capitalist societies. Social stratification refers to ‘the presence [in society] of distinct social groups which are ranked one above the other in terms of factors such as prestige and wealth’.…
In Britain in the 1960s and 1970 sociologists were examining the levels of underachievement of working class pupils. It was clear from the evidence that they were underachieving compared to the middle classes in terms of gaining access to selective schools, achievement at 16 - O Levels/CSEs/GCSEs entry to university and further training. In other words, it was clear that working class children were most likely to end up doing working class jobs. Despite this evidence, it was not entirely clear how working class pupils failed. This was revealed by the pioneering work of Paul Willis (1977). Whereas previous explanations of working class failure in the education system tended to provide very mechanistic approaches which were based on the logic…
There has always been social class inequalities within education in the 19th to 20th century education was intended to reinforce a class structure based on ascription for birth to wealth (Tomlinson 2005) . Even to this day it seems that as a society we need a class structure to categorise who fits into what parts of society. In 1866 a major schools inquiry report stated that different social classes needed different levels of teaching as to what jobs their social classes could do (tomlinson 2005). This eassy references Pierre Bourdieu a lot as he is such a well standing figure with in education studies and his concepts of cultural capital shape how many authors look at discipline’s with in…