Write a Recommendation Report in Which You Compare Two Water Provision Methods for an Arid Region of Your Choice
Content 1
1.0 Introduction3
2.0 Background3
3.0 Presentation of options4
3.1 Water Reuse4
3.2 Desalination5
3.2.1 Solar Thermal Desalination 5
3.2.2 Wind Power Desalination 5
4.0 Requirements5 4.1 Cost 5 4.2 Environmental Impact 6 4.3 Policies 7
5.0 Comparison of options 7
5.1 Water Reuse7
5.1.1 Cost 7
5.1.2 Environmental Impact 8
5.1.3 Policies 9 5.2 Desalination 9
5.2.1 Cost 10
5.2.2 Environmental Impact 10
5.2.3 Policies 11
6.0 Conclusion12
7.0 Recommendations 12
References13
Content 2
Table 1 Cost of environmental worsening in Egypt 7
Table 2 Comparison of plant costs for a brackish water RO plant and a sea water RO plant 10
Table 3 Energy needs and emissions for an RO desalination plant 11
Figure 1 Water availability per capita 4
Figure 2 Percentage of Poverty in Egypt 6
Figure 3 Water quality benefits of water conservation and beneficial reuse 9
Figure 4 MSF product unit cost over time 12
1.0 Introduction
This is a recommendation report for the Egypt water supply, comparing water reuse and desalination on the basis of cost, environmental impacts and policies area. Egypt is considered as one of the arid countries throughout the world with severe summers, mild winters, and very little rainfall (Khatri, as sited in Agrawala et al,. 2007). It is important and urgent to find a better way to provide water in Egypt as the current situation. According to Sarant (2013), due to changing climate, fast growing population, heavy pollution and lack of law enforcement, which made Egypt lack of water both in quality and quantity. 2.0 Background
Egypt is in the north-eastern corner of Africa with a total area of 1,001,450 km2 which is mainly desert and arid and semi-arid with hot summers and moderate winters (El-Nahrawy, 2011). It has a great amount of rural population (the percentage of rural citizens is estimated at about 58%) and population was estimated at 85,294,388 with a growth rate of 1.92% (Central Intelligence
1.0 Introduction3
2.0 Background3
3.0 Presentation of options4
3.1 Water Reuse4
3.2 Desalination5
3.2.1 Solar Thermal Desalination 5
3.2.2 Wind Power Desalination 5
4.0 Requirements5 4.1 Cost 5 4.2 Environmental Impact 6 4.3 Policies 7
5.0 Comparison of options 7
5.1 Water Reuse7
5.1.1 Cost 7
5.1.2 Environmental Impact 8
5.1.3 Policies 9 5.2 Desalination 9
5.2.1 Cost 10
5.2.2 Environmental Impact 10
5.2.3 Policies 11
6.0 Conclusion12
7.0 Recommendations 12
References13
Content 2
Table 1 Cost of environmental worsening in Egypt 7
Table 2 Comparison of plant costs for a brackish water RO plant and a sea water RO plant 10
Table 3 Energy needs and emissions for an RO desalination plant 11
Figure 1 Water availability per capita 4
Figure 2 Percentage of Poverty in Egypt 6
Figure 3 Water quality benefits of water conservation and beneficial reuse 9
Figure 4 MSF product unit cost over time 12
1.0 Introduction
This is a recommendation report for the Egypt water supply, comparing water reuse and desalination on the basis of cost, environmental impacts and policies area. Egypt is considered as one of the arid countries throughout the world with severe summers, mild winters, and very little rainfall (Khatri, as sited in Agrawala et al,. 2007). It is important and urgent to find a better way to provide water in Egypt as the current situation. According to Sarant (2013), due to changing climate, fast growing population, heavy pollution and lack of law enforcement, which made Egypt lack of water both in quality and quantity. 2.0 Background
Egypt is in the north-eastern corner of Africa with a total area of 1,001,450 km2 which is mainly desert and arid and semi-arid with hot summers and moderate winters (El-Nahrawy, 2011). It has a great amount of rural population (the percentage of rural citizens is estimated at about 58%) and population was estimated at 85,294,388 with a growth rate of 1.92% (Central Intelligence
References: Anderson, J. 2000. The environmental benefits of water recycling and reuse. Water Science and Technology. 3(4), 1-10 Al-Karaghouli, A El-Ganzori,A, Abdel,T. (2000). Assessment Of The Drainage Water Reuse In The Irrigation Improvement Areas, Kafr El Sheikh Governorate Of Egypt. Retrieved 08/04/2013 from : http://www.virtualacademia.com/pdf/wa333_344.pdf EI-Kady El-Nahrawy, M. A. (2011). Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Retrieved 24/03/2013 from: http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/PDF%20files/Egypt.pdf El-Sadek Haering,K.C , Evanylo, G.K, Benham,B and Goatley,G (2009). Water Reuse: Using Reclaimed Water for Irrigation. Retrieved 08/04/2013 from: http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/452/452-014/452-014_pdf.pdf Hamdy A Hidalgo. D. and Irusta. R. (2006). The cost of wastewater reclamation and reuse in agricultural production in the Mediterranean countries Environmental Division International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. (2005). Water Policy Issues of Egypt. Retrieved 27/03/2013 from: http://www.icid.org/cpsp_report7_web.pdf International Consultant Egypt (2009) Institutional framework and decision‐ Kalogirou, S.A.(2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. Energy & Combustion Science. 31 (8) ,242–281 Kandil,H.(2011) Karagiannis, I.C. and G.S. Soldatos. (2008). Water Desalination Cost Literature: Review and Assessment. Desalination. 223(3), 448-456. Khatri,K.B, Steen, P.V and Vairavamoorthy, B.(2007). Climate Change: Alexandria-Egypt. Retrieved 08/04/2013 from: http://www.delftcluster.nl/website/files/Alexandria_briefing_note.pdf Malashkhia N., (2003) MWR-Bangladesh (1999). National Water Policy. Retrieved 08/03/2013 from: http://www.mowr.gov.bd/Documents/National%20%20Water%20Policy%20%2 Sarant, J. (2013). Climate change and water mismanagement parch Egypt. Retrieved 24/03/2013 from: http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/climate-change-and-water-mismanagement-parch-egypt Reddy, K.V., Ghaffour, N., (2007) Simonovic, S. P., Fahmy, H. and El-Shorbagy, A. (1997) The use of object-oriented modeling for water resources planning in Egypt, Water Resources Management, 11, pp. 243–261. U. Ebensperger, P. Isley, (2005).Review of the Current State of Desalination. Water Policy Working Paper. 18(4), 45-56 United Nations Population Fund Vince, F., Marechal, F., Aoustin, E., Breant, P., (2008). Multiobjective optimization of RO desalination plants Wahaab, R.A. and Omar, E.M.(2012). Wastewater Reuse in Egypt: Opportunities and Challenges. Retrieved 24/03/2013 from: http://www.arabwatercouncil.org/administrator/Modules/CMS/Egypt-Country-Report.pdf