In The Slave Community, Blassingame argues that despite their physical enslavement, African Americans avoided psychological enslavement and retained their culture through language, names and proverbs; a link with the past; customs, courtship and familial roles; music, dancing, acting and storytelling; and Southern planters' adaptation of their religion and customs to suit their slaves. To support his thesis, Blassingame pored through periodicals, personal letters, hymnals, birth and death records, autobiographies and diaries, church records, receipts, plantation records, travel accounts and agricultural almanacs.…
This essay opens itself to a wide range of audience. It reaches out to the black men and the…
In “I, Too Sing America” and “Still I Rise,” the speakers are the authors, but the authors act as a voice for all African Americans who are exhausted with inequality and injustice. The audience of both poems is mainly directed…
Cara Buckley, “The New York Times,” Called Far and Wide to Touch Minds (January 22, 2010): page1http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/24/nyregion/24routine.html?ref=cornelwest (accessed February 21, 2012).…
He goes as far as to say that “no race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem,” and I think this is significant at a time when many Blacks could not get jobs other than these common occupations. He is saying that people should not only be content, but that they should do the best they can with what they have and embrace…
Walt Whitman is sometimes considered a pioneer of free verse and non-esoteric subject matter with focus on the working-class using realistic imagery. Whitman’s poem “I Hear America Singing” demonstrates no end rhyme, but we hear a sense of melody in his repetitions and rhythm in the length of his lines that substitutes for the pattern we would expect to perceive in conventional poetry. Though beyond that we can tell that the tone of the poem is muscular, its beat vibrant, and its mood proud. Each tradesman in the poem performs his labor with the same pride and triumph that one might hear from a singer. There is no promotion of importance attached to the jobs performed or the performers who carry out those jobs. In the end of the poem he mentions the inclusion of female voice with “delicious singing” (10) along with “the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing” (10-11). With attention to include both sexes, Whitman seems to be taking in all aspects of America’s working class, but it has been drawn out many times that this poem does not specifically detail African-Americans as part of the cluster. It is this detail that Hughes believed should have been incorporated and led to his follow-up poem, “I, Too”.…
The poem written from a mothers perspective giving loving advice to her son about the challenges life will throw, yet the importance of never giving up, subverts the usual stereotype that African Americans live a bad life, abusing drugs and being criminals. The audience feels the warmth and care from her southern dialect, “Don’t you fall now – for I’se still goin’ honey, I’se still climbin’’ and “life for me aint been no crystal stair”. The informal language also portrays a truthful motherly figure. The poem includes an extended metaphor, the person compares her life to a stair case, “life aint been no crystal stair, it’s had tacks in it, and splinters, and boards torn up, and places with no carpet on the floor- Bare.” This is a metaphor for the lack of comfort and poverty she lives in. Symbols like ‘tacks’ also symbolise the discomfort of life’s obstacles. By the smart use of informal language, symbolism, extended metaphor and repetition supports the idea that African Americans can make the right choices and are not necessarily limited to the life people see them as living all the time. Just because of the harsh circumstances they are going through. As the persona puts it. ‘Don’t you fall now, for I’se still going,…
Stewart alsoincorporatesanalogies within her lecture to describe what “continual hard labor” can do to the mind and the “energies of the soul”. Like the “scorching sands of Arabia” and the “uncultivated soil”, hard labor keeps the “mind barren” and ideas can quickly become “confined”. With a prominent tone of despair lingering within this analogy, she provides an explanation to the lack of ambition within her race. By emphasizing the mental effects of continuous labor, she refutes the point colonizationists have made; African Americans are “lazy and idle”.It has always been the effects of inequality that deadens their spirits and diminishes their hopes.…
African American Vernacular English has been developing and evolving over generations and generations. The language is a mixture of English language with its own semantic, syntactic, morphological, phonological and lexical rules. It is commonly spoken by the urban working class and middle-class African Americans, and is often identified as an unsophisticated form of dialect despite having similar elements to other languages such as it’s pronunciation, grammatical structure and vocabulary. Although this language is now used commonly and freely, and has adopted an almost comedic profile, it has a deeper, contextual meaning, associated with the time of black inequality and slave trading. Today we will be investigating and comparing two texts from…
Paul Laurence Dunbar’s poem is a clear display of pride; “Let the fullness of Thy pity o’er the hot wrought spirits sway of the gallant colored soldiers who fell fighting on that day!” (Dunbar, 45, 46, 47, 48). Moreover, he repeats the line ‘of the gallant colored soldiers’ a few times in the poem. Dunbar is a famous poet known for activism of equality and equal rights for African American’s (poets.org). His captivating poem; ‘The Colored Soldiers’ is a strong example of his representation of African American…
The poem’s setting lacks a clear view of any physical details of its setting. Knowing the narrator is an oppressed African American of the time, gives some details. Yet, the poem itself gives no physical location. However, the poem is a reflective gathering of knowledge the speaker has observed over time to develop the mental setting. Giving the poem an oppressed mood. A reader could identify the narrator’s mood when reading the figurative language. Since the poem expresses the narrator's deep feelings as an oppressed black, it also expresses a paradox. On the one hand, it hides its central issue not mentioning blacks or racial prejudice. In other words, the poem itself wears a mask. On the other hand, it openly parades feelings as a frustrated black across the page. The poem conceals everything and reveals everything at the same time. Then there is the abundant imagery. Such as the “mask” of Line 1 and identifying it as the false emotional façades blacks use to avoid provoking their oppressors. Another example is “long the mile”, referring to the journey to freedom for the African American community. All of which created a mood of oppression. There is also the universal symbolism of…
The poem “Reaper” by Jean Toomer presents a theme that is quite dark, for the mood of the poem deals with the effects faced by African American slave labor during that time period. In his poem, Toomer portrays African American laborers as black reapers working like black horses mowing the field. They are able to sharpen their tools and carry their sharpening stone in their back pocket working independently in the field but are equal to machines like mowers being pulled by black horses in the field making the poem’s tone serious and dramatic. Rather than black being used only as reference for a person 's skin, it’s used more as the object of what the whole poem signifies. Toomer is trying to emphasize the strong hold African Americans faced during the 19th century that when most blacks were viewed as objects or possessions and not free thinkers. For this reason, Toomer 's description misleads anyone who reads it for the first time because it is unclear what his message is. After I broke down each point that he was trying to make however, I began to appreciate the message behind this poem. It is a clear reminder of America 's darker times, when man had no civil rights due to the fact of his color. As well as discrimination in which African Americans were not considered as people but more as an asset like an animal or machine that were bought and sold.…
This poem’s masterful combination of rhyme and contrast perfectly depicts the black controversy of that time. With whites already against them, African Americans struggled to unify and find common ground to fight for what they all demanded. Randall’s deliberate use of form, paired with his poetic incertitude and suggestiveness, brought his message alive on the page. His rhyme schemes and stanza lengths also help contribute to Randall’s meaning by aiding in driving hope the main point and contrast between the two historical figures, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. The comparison of points by Du Bois parallel to the contradictory attitudes aid in framing the poet’s base for the debate. When Washington argues “But work, and save, and buy a house,” Du Bois automatically replies “For what can property avail if dignity and justice fail?” The rhetorical mode of compare and contrast, back and forth dialogue, continue through the entire piece. In the first half, Washington believes manual labor is more valuable than “studying chemistry or Greek,” where W.E.B. follows as…
"For the first time since the plantation days artists began to touch new material, to understand new tools and to accept eagerly the challenge of Black poetry, Black song and Black scholarship."1…
An African American man undergoes many experiences and ideas through the several different jobs that he has. The narrator is a man, whose name is never mentioned throughout the story, who is employed in several occupations throughout his life. At each job, he learns something new about his race and the American race, whether it is something good or something bad. This short story, written by Richard Wright, is a very complex story to read, but from what I understood through his words, it actually kept me interested.…