A Prototype Windmill / Wind Powered Generator That Will Produce Renewable Electricity

SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
LUCBAN, QUEZON

A PROTOTYPE WINDMILL / WIND POWERED GENERATOR
THAT WILL PRODUCE RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements
In RES1: Elements of research and Project Study

By:
BAEL DODIE P.
BSIT ELT III

2013

APPROVAL SHEET

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

DEDICATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

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ABSTRACT

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter deals with the Introduction of the Study, Background of the Study, and Objectives of the Study, Significance of the Study as well as the Scope and Limitation of the Study.
Introduction
Our life is not hard as it was before, because of life-changing and innovations and improvements that caused impact on how people view civilized living today.
The achievement through technology is the culminating activity shared to us in every action of man and the advancement in technology offer realistic solutions to institutional procedures that give way to immeasurable number of developments in different societal sectors, and one of the significant sector in society for which technology affects the progress of any countries and its people is in producing electricity to which electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning that helps every people and most of all the companies and industries that are using large amounts of electricity twenty four hours a day.
Electricity is also used to power homes for cooking, heating, lightening, washing, studying, and many more daily tasks. It is used to run all electrical appliances: Washing machines, televisions, heaters, Ac 's, fans, lights, microwaves, refrigerators .etc. It is used to run machines to manufacture goods. Thus, it has become a need for our life. Many countries like the Philippines are finding different kind of sources of electricity and one of the ways that many countries used to get electricity is by using air or wind as prime mover of a power plant such as windmill power plant. In the Philippines, wind energy has been in use since the beginning of the 20th century. The wind pump technology materialized through American- designed systems. However, introduction of cheaper fossil fuels caused the decline in the utilization in such technology. However, the frequency of typhoons visiting in the Philippines makes it hard for the country to focus on wind technology. Due to bad weather conditions, destruction of wind blades and tower is a usual problem. Example of windmills in the Philippines is the Bangui Wind Mills in Ilocos Norte were built by the North Wind Power Development Corporation to take its share in reducing the emission of harmful greenhouse gases (GHGs) causing global warming to accelerate the rural electrification of the government. A wonderful benefit of wind powered generators is that they are environmental friendly. They do not produce gases that other generators do that poisoned the environment. Another benefits is that the wind energy is harnessed free of charge. Moreover, it is renewable source and will not run out like other sources such as oil, coil, etc do. Wind powered gases has a great advantage over the generator.
In this study, wind energy was been utilized through unit of wind powered generator which intends to become part of solution to the world’s environment and economical problems in and out the country.
Background of the Study Thousands of years, People work repeatedly for a certain task everyday to do it effectively with a lot of time and effort spent. As one looks towards the higher technology and development, human finds way of doing some technical matter that affects the standard of living.
Nowadays, using windmills as one sources of electricity is very useful to every people and countries most of all to companies and industries. Energy sources in the country are non – renewable that will run out in time, lend to different researches about alternative resources such as wind/air energy. Wind machines today use blades to collect wind kinetic energy like old fashioned wind mills. A researcher then come up to different designs that vary widely is sizes and application. This study is a horizontal type generator having electric fan blades. With its capacity; it is intended to be use as an alternative source of energy.
Objectives of the Study The main objective of this study is to come up with a prototype wind – powered generator using electric fan blades. To elaborate this further, the general and specific objectives are stated: Generally: 1. This technical study deals with the design and fabrication of wind – powered generator. Specifically: 1. To design a wind - powered generator that will give alternative electricity to people. 2. To fabricate a propeller system suitable for its standard purpose. 3. To test and evaluate the performance of this prototype wind mill generator.
Scope and Limitation
This study focused on the construction of prototype wind mill generator that produces renewable electricity. Comparison to the design of other types of generators was not included in this study. Details of electrical equipment related could be connected such as rectifier; converter, inverter, and battery were also included. Also, the computations on how much electricity it produces is not included in the study
Significance of the study
The main importance of this study lies on utilizing wind energy as the prime mover for generating electricity from it and to design and fabricate a prototype wind powered generator. As electrical student, this play important role for the researcher since electricity is comprises to our course and to our study.
In general, this could lead to realization to those people who are unaware of the facts about wind generators. Moreover, this could serve as a reference to those people who are continuously seeking for the possible method to harness energy from the wind/air and who are finding alternative sources on how to get a little amount of electricity that can help their living much better.
This study is also beneficial not only to the researcher for fulfilling his research but also to the people and to the community who are experiencing blackouts and brownouts and to have the knowledge to conserve in using non renewable electricity.

Chapter 2
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents the conceptual framework based on the review of conceptual literature and research literature, studies conducted by the researcher which are related to the current study and the research paradigm and its definition of terms.
Review of Literature and Studies
Conceptual Literature
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electrical, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Figure 1. The figure above shows a wind mill or wind powered generator
Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network. Offshore wind farms can harness more frequent and powerful winds than are available to land-based installations and have less visual impact on the landscape but construction costs are considerably higher. Small onshore wind facilities are used to provide electricity to isolated locations and utility companies increasingly buy surplus electricity produced by small domestic wind turbines.
Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation and uses little land. Any effects on the environment are generally less problematic than those from other power sources. As of 2011, Denmark is generating more than a quarter of its electricity from wind. 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis. In 2010 wind energy production was over 2.5% of total worldwide electricity usage, and growing rapidly at more than 25% per annum. The monetary cost per unit of energy produced is similar to the cost for new coal and natural gas installations. Although wind power is a popular form of energy generation, the construction of wind farms is not universally welcomed due to aesthetics.
Wind power is very consistent from year to year but has significant variation over shorter time scales. The intermittency of wind seldom creates problems when used to supply up to 20% of total electricity demand, but as the proportion increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur. Power management techniques such as having excess capacity storage, dispatchable backing sources, storage such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting and importing power to neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is low, can greatly mitigate these problems .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power
Wind power has been used for irrigation pumping and milling grain for centuries. In the 20th century small windmills started to be used for electricity production, especially in remote rural areas. The modern wind power industry took off in the late 1970 's when companies, mainly in Denmark, started serial production of wind turbines. These early wind turbines were small by today 's standards, but there size and power output increased rapidly (see graph).
Source European Wind Energy Association
Figure 2. The figure above shows the number and size of evolution of wind turbines over time
Wind energy is one of the fastest growing energy sources. Since 2000, around one third of all installed electricity generating capacity in the EU has been wind power. The share of wind power in total electricity production in Europe was 3.7% in 2007, but with huge differences among the Member States: Germany and Spain together account for more than half of the total installed capacity in Europe. In Denmark, wind energy contributes more than 20% of the total electricity production of the country.
The wind power industry has the ambition to continue the fast growth of recent years. The sector 's objective is to provide 20% of final EU electricity consumption by 2020. This can only be achieved if wind turbines can move offshore in order to profit from the more favorable wind conditions on the sea. This however requires considerable research efforts targeting in particular costs reduction of wind turbines, improved reliability and grid integration.
The Commission has contributed to the success story of wind power by supporting research in this domain for many years and by facilitating the cooperation between key stakeholders. http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/research/wind/index_en.htm
Technology
Onshore, wind energy is a near-mature technology. The main technological development in recent years has been a trend towards ever larger wind turbines. Since the first commercial wind turbines of the 1980s, their size has evolved from 0.022 MW to about 6 MW today. By 2030, average turbine sizes of 2 MW (on-shore) and 10 MW (offshore) are expected, with gigawatt-size wind farms likely for offshore.

Figure 3. The figure above shows where wind energy has been used for producing electricity
For the time being, wind energy from off-shore contributes only a very small share to Europe 's total wind energy generation. This is expected to change in the coming decades since wind conditions are more preferable off-shore and many well-placed on-shore sites will be already in use. But there are still important problems to be solved before off-shore wind can be massively deployed. The most challenging areas are turbine design, load management, the grid integration and better storage capacities.
Wind power capacity witnessed a tremendous growth in recent years and reached a capacity of 56 GW (of which 1.08 GW are offshore) in 2007 which corresponds to 7.3% of total capacity in the EU (data from EWEA). More than 40% of new electricity generating capacity added in 2007 was wind energy! The actual contribution of wind energy to total electricity generation in 2007 was roughly 119 TWh (including 4 TWh offshore) which corresponds to around 3.7% of total EU electricity demand (as wind is an intermittent energy source only part of its capacity can actually be used). This is enough to satisfy the needs of around 30 million average EU households!
More than two thirds of total EU wind capacity is currently installed in the three pioneering countries Germany, Spain and Denmark. Denmark satisfies more than 20% and Spain more than 10% of its electricity demand by wind energy.
The EU is a front-runner in wind energy and a lead player on the global market. In 2007 more than half of the global installed wind capacity is located in the EU and European wind turbine manufacturers accounted in 2006 for around 75% of the global market. However, countries like the USA, China, India and Korea have remarkably increased their efforts in recent years and accounted for more than half of the newly added capacity in 2007.http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/research/wind/background/index_en.htm
Wind Turbines
Princeton Satellite Systems is designing a small vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) that employs novel control methods for individual blade pitch. The vertical orientation is ideal for small turbines, making them impervious to wind direction. Regulating each blade 's angle of attack allows for a wider range of operational wind speeds, therefore improving the turbine 's ability to extract energy. Simulations have shown individual blade pitch control to enable the generation of energy in cases where a lack of control would result in energy dissipation. PSS is also developing a high efficiency power conversion system and an aerodynamically-optimized blade design to maximize turbine power output.
The technologies developed through this research are not specific to a particular VAWT design, and can be integrated with existing and future systems to augment performance.
NSF SBIR Phase I: Advanced Control and Estimation for Cooperative Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Most commercial wind turbines operate at energy efficiencies lower than that which is theoretically possible. The efficiency can be improved by implementing active (feedback) control, and in this SBIR Phase I project, PSS sought to develop control technologies for improving not only the efficiency, but also the cost-effectiveness of small-scale VAWTs. A pitch blade actuator, advanced control and estimation algorithms, and nonlinear filtering methods were integrated with a power converter, generator and wind vector sensor to reduce the cost per kilowatt of wind energy production. PSS manufactured an alpha prototype as shown below.
Cooperative control methods were also investigated for multiple VAWTs installed on a building. A group of pitch-controlled VAWTs equipped with inter-unit communication make an ideal platform for extracting power from the complex airflow pattern expected in an urban setting.
2 kW VAWT Prototype
The VAWT prototype consists of a three-blade rotor assembly and a generator housing assembly joined by a main shaft. It was designed by PSS engineers and manufactured by a machine shop under the supervision of the designers. The prototype is intended to verify performance improvements resulting from control. The testing and design process is ongoing. Figure 4. The figure above show one of the prototype wind power generator
VAWT in Developing Countries
PSS is currently pursuing agreements to develop units for use in areas of Africa where electricity is scarce or unavailable. It is estimated that roughly 1.6 billion people do not have access to electricity, with most of them being in Africa and South Asia. Without extensive investments in electric power, this number may still be 1.4 billion by 2030. In Nigeria, for example, current per capita energy consumption is 200 kWh, which is inadequate for any kind of growth. Expansion would require large electrification projects. Given 8760 hours per year and 50% availability a 100 W wind turbine would provide the required power for 2 people. While this analysis is simplistic, it shows the impact that small wind turbines can have in Africa. http://www.psatellite.com/research/windturbines.php
North Luzon Wind Power Project, Philippines
A 42MW, $400 million wind farm is being built in North Luzon, the Philippines. It is the first in a series of three projects that will add 120MW of wind power to the NAPCOR (National Power Corporation of The Philippines) grid. The project will be located in the Ilocos Norte Province of the Northern Luzon Island, connected to the nearest trunk transmission line by a 42km power transmission line.
The North Luzon Wind Power Project (NLWPP) is a special yen-loan undertaking between the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) and the Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) - Energy Development Corporation (EDC). Estimated total project cost is P3.0 billion, of which US$48 million will be sourced outside while the remaining US$366 million will be sourced locally.
The project was originally programmed to be commissioned by April 2004 but this was moved to March 2005. To date, 285ha have been leased to PNOC EDC for the wind farm. Negotiations for the right-of-way of the 42km, 230kV transmission line are almost complete with 92% of the lots to be occupied by the 130 transmission line towers/poles successfully leased and negotiations for easement at 87% completion.
The plant will generate 120 million kWh per year and is expected to contribute an annual US$60-100 million in revenues to the national economy. On crude oil importation alone, it should save US$6 million annually, aside from the benefits of lower electric costs (US$0.05/kWh) for consumers.
High Power Requirements for Philippines
Major reforms are underway in the Philippines ' energy sector. Power demand is forecast to grow rapidly and the government is reducing its current 60% dependence on coal and oil imports. A variety of projects include electrifying isolated villages and investing in renewable supplies.
Besides being the world 's second largest producer of geothermal power, with an estimated capacity of 1,931MW, the Philippines has particularly good potential for wind farming. The US Department of Energy estimates that wind resources in the Philippines could generate 70,000MW: seven times the country 's current demand. Initial studies have indicated a total capacity for Ilocos Norte of 120MW. http://www.power-technology.com/projects/north_luzon/ Research Literature As the 21st century began, fossil fuel was still relatively cheap, but rising concerns over energy security, global warming, and eventual fossil fuel depletion led to an expansion of interest in all available forms of renewable energy. The fledgling commercial wind power industry began expanding at a robust growth rate of about 30% per year, driven by the ready availability of large wind resources, and falling costs due to improved technology and wind farm management. The steady run-up in oil prices after 2003 led to increasing fears that peak oil was imminent, further increasing interest in commercial wind power. Even though wind power generates electricity rather than liquid fuels, and thus is not an immediate substitute for petroleum in most applications (especially transport), fears over petroleum shortages only added to the urgency to expand wind power. Earlier oil crisis had already caused many utility and industrial users of petroleum to shift to coal or natural gas. Natural gas began having its own supply problems, and wind power showed potential for replacing natural gas in electricity generation. Floating wind turbine technology Offshore wind power began to expand beyond fixed-bottom, shallow-water turbines beginning late in the first decade of the 2000s. The world 's first operational deep-water large-capacity floating wind turbine, Hywind, became operational in the North Sea off Norway in late 2009 at a cost of some 400 million kroner (around US$62 million) to build and deploy. These floating turbines are a very different construction technology—closer to floating oil rigs rather—than traditional fixed-bottom, shallow-water monopile foundations that are used in the other large offshore wind farms to date. By late 2011, Japan announced plans to build a multiple-unit floating wind farm, with six 2-megawatt turbines, off the Fukushima coast of northeast Japan where the 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster has created a scarcity of electric power. After the evaluation phase is complete in 2016, "Japan plans to build as many as 80 floating wind turbines off Fukushima by 2020"at a cost of some 10-20 billion Yen. Wind power At the end of 2006, worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was 73.9 gigawatts; although it currently produces just over 1% of world-wide electricity use, it accounts for approximately 20% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain, and 7% in Germany.Globally, wind power generation more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006. Most modern wind power is generated in the form of electricity by converting the rotation of turbine blades into electrical current by means of an electrical generator. In windmills (a much older technology), wind energy is used to turn mechanical machinery to do physical work, such as crushing grain or pumping water. Wind power is used in large scale wind farms for national electrical grids as well as in small individual turbines for providing electricity to rural residences or grid-isolated locations. Wind energy is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, cleans, and reduces toxic atmospheric and greenhouse gas emissions if used to replace fossil-fuel-derived electricity. The intermittency of wind seldom creates problems when using wind power at low to moderate penetration levels. There are many thousands of wind turbines operating, with a total capacity of 73,904 MW of which Europe accounts for 65% (2006). The average output of one megawatt of wind power is equivalent to the average electricity consumption of about 250 American households. Wind power was the most rapidly-growing means of alternative electricity generation at the turn of the century and world wind generation capacity more than quadrupled between 1999 and 2005. There is an estimated 50 to 100 times more wind energy than plant biomass energy available on Earth. Most of this wind energy can be found at high altitudes where continuous wind speeds of over 160 km/h (100 mph) occur. Eventually, the wind energy is converted through friction into diffuse heat throughout the Earth 's surface and the atmosphere. Large-scale onshore and near-shore wind energy facilities (wind farms) can be controversial due to aesthetic reasons and impact on the local environment. It should be noted, however, that onshore and near-shore studies show that the number of birds killed by wind turbines is negligible compared to the number that die as a result of other human activities such as traffic, hunting, power lines and high-rise buildings and especially the environmental impacts of using non-clean power sources. http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/w/wind_power.htm Data Gathering
Analysis
Design and Fabrication
Testing
Evaluation

Research Paradigm
PROCESS
Needed materials and requirements
Relevant information
Resources

INPUTS
OUTPUT

PROTOTYPE WINDMILL / WIND POWERED GENERATOR

Figure 5. The figure above shows the necessary requirements, relevant information’s and other resources and steps in completing the project. Data gathering, analysis, design and fabrication, testing and evaluation are included in the second part. And as a result, a prototype windmill or wind powered generator is made.

Definition of Terms
Here are the following definitions that will provide information for better understanding of terms used in the study.
Blade
Any of several usually relatively thin, rigid, flat, or sometimes curved surfaces radially mounted along an axis that is turned by or used to turn a fluid.
Converter
It is an electric power converter which changes the voltage of an electrical power source. It may be combined with other components to create a power supply.
Generator
It is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electric charge (usually carried by electrons) to flow through an external electrical circuit. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air, or any other source of mechanical energy.
Renewable energy
Energy that comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.
Rectifier
It is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.
Turbine
It is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached.

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the Project Design, Conceptual Design, Project Development, Phases, Operation and Testing Procedure, Instruments and Techniques Used, and Evaluation Procedure (Evaluation Criteria).
Project design This project employs experimental and descriptive method of research wherein the researcher came up having the electric fan blade wind powered generator that had been subject to evaluation through several testing and analysis.
This study will prove also the possibility of having a wind powered generator system in our country especially near the seashore. To come up with a sufficient, economical design, each stage undertaken is given an ample consideration as much as possible, the simplest methods of designs, construction and assembly was chosen as idea.
Conceptual Design
A design was analyzed and the researcher chooses the conventional design of wind powered generator system.
Several sessions of brainstorming take place to determine which application of wind energy the researcher will work on. The researcher will just utilize it to produce energy.
The following step was taken; * Gathering first hand information like existing research related to the project * Conducting research of related literature to understand basic and advanced knowledge of wind energy, its application, ways to harness wind energy and other pertinent topic.
Project developmentProject Plan

Gathering Information and conducting further research, brainstorming

Design

Fabrication

Preliminary Testing

Modification

Finalization / Final Testing

Evaluation (Acceptability)

Figure 6. The figure shows the project development of this research study comprises of the project plan, Gathering Information and conducting further research, brainstorming, Design, Fabrication
, Preliminary Testing, Modification, Finalization / Final Testing and the Evaluation (Acceptability) of the project.
Phases, Operation, and Testing Procedure
Phase Procedure 1. Begin a project plan 2. Gather information and conduct further research and brainstorm 3. Design a layout of your project 4. Select the necessary materials or locally available parts or other components that you need 5. Fabricate or construct your project (mechanical parts) 6. Assemble the electrical parts 7. Do the preliminary testing 8. Modify the parts that are not fixed/movable 9. Do the final testing 10. Evaluate the acceptability of your project
Operation Procedure 1. Inspect all the parts of your project 2. If there is not connected parts, connect the wiring or the parts that are not connected 3. Connect your accessories that can store electricity
Testing Procedure
Several tests will be conducted with the wind powered generator system. Among these test, the most important data needed would be the efficiency of the primary components
Here are the following tests: 1. Test the mechanical and electrical parts efficiency 2. The capability of this system to store power to the storage accessories (battery, etc) 3. The transformation of wind energy to electrical energy 4. The reliability of this system
Instruments and Techniques Used Materials and Instruments will be use * * Rotor * Sheave (Main and Generator) * Electric Fan Blade * Bearings * Gears * V-Belt * Wires * Capacitor * Diode * Battery

Techniques Used
Table 1. Evaluation Questionnaire of Wind Powered Generator Questions | V H A | HA | A | P | V P | 1. The system is reliable | | | | | | 2. The transformation of wind energy to electrical energy is effective | | | | | | 3. The system can store power(electrical | | | | | | 4. The mechanical and electrical parts are compact | | | | | | 5. The blades are good to the system | | | | | |

Legend
Very High Acceptable - VHA
High Acceptable - HA
Acceptable - A
Poor -P

Very Poor - VP

Table 2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Table 3. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Evaluation Procedure The project will be monitored by the project adviser through a progress report. The progress report will highlight the things already accomplished and those still needing necessary attention. The proponent will periodically report to the project adviser for consultation.

Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Project Technical Description
Project Structure/Organization
Project Limitation and Capabilities
Project Evaluation

Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations

References
Nicanor Guinto – Xerox
Edgardo Perez – Manual
Science and Technology for the Future IV by Diwa Scholastic Press Inc.
Thesis:
Prototype of Auto Manual Forward Reverse Motor Control with Liquid Level Sensor Using float less relay: Aries A. Abejar, Melvin S. Nadera, Richard V. Sales (2007) Prototype Design of a Star Delta Starter: Jonel J. Astoveza, Darwin I. Veluz (2011) Prototype PLC Trainer: Daniel C. Moreno, Rommel D.Tapay, John Paul D. Tolentino, (2011) Six Bladed Wind – Powered Generator: Michael Ray A. Alminana, Rose Anne M. Dara, Roldan H. Macalindro (2009) Wind – Propelled Generator System: Bismark R. De Los Santos, Allan Louie O Eguia, Joseph Lawrence A. Francia, Marwin O Ibardeloza, Richard R. Salumbides (October 2003) http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/research/wind/index_en.htm http://www.power-technology.com/projects/north_luzon/ http://www.psatellite.com/research/windturbines.php http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/research/wind/background/index_en.htm Appendices
Researchers’ Profile

References: Prototype Design of a Star Delta Starter: Jonel J. Astoveza, Darwin I. Veluz (2011) Prototype PLC Trainer: Daniel C Six Bladed Wind – Powered Generator: Michael Ray A. Alminana, Rose Anne M. Dara, Roldan H. Macalindro (2009) Wind – Propelled Generator System: Bismark R