A&P 1 Study Guide
Chapter 1
• Anatomy & Physiology • Gross anatomy – visible to naked eye • Microscopic • Developmental • Pathological anatomy • Radiographic anatomy • Molecular biology • Physiology • Focuses on cellular or molecular level • Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function • A&P are inseparable • Function reflects structure • Specific form • Levels of organization 1. Chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5. organ system 6. organismal level
• Necessary Life functions o Maintaining boundaries o Movement o Responsiveness o Digestion o Metabolism o Excretion o Reproduction o Growth • Survival Needs o Nutrients o O2 o H20 o Normal body temp o Atmospheric pressure • Homeostasis o Maintain stable internal environment o Internal environment is dynamic state of equilibrium o May allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over o 3 components of control mechanisms: ▪ stimulus ▪ receptor ▪ input (afferent pathway) ▪ control center ▪ (efferent pathway) output ▪ response o Negative feedback ▪ Reduces or shuts off original stimulus o Positive feedback ▪ Output enhances or exaggerates original stimulus ▪ Variable changes in same direction o Anatomical Position ▪ Body erect ▪ Feet slightly apart ▪ Palms facing forward ▪ Thumbs away from body o Directional ▪ Where body structure is in relation to another o Regional terms ▪
• Anatomy & Physiology • Gross anatomy – visible to naked eye • Microscopic • Developmental • Pathological anatomy • Radiographic anatomy • Molecular biology • Physiology • Focuses on cellular or molecular level • Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function • A&P are inseparable • Function reflects structure • Specific form • Levels of organization 1. Chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5. organ system 6. organismal level
• Necessary Life functions o Maintaining boundaries o Movement o Responsiveness o Digestion o Metabolism o Excretion o Reproduction o Growth • Survival Needs o Nutrients o O2 o H20 o Normal body temp o Atmospheric pressure • Homeostasis o Maintain stable internal environment o Internal environment is dynamic state of equilibrium o May allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over o 3 components of control mechanisms: ▪ stimulus ▪ receptor ▪ input (afferent pathway) ▪ control center ▪ (efferent pathway) output ▪ response o Negative feedback ▪ Reduces or shuts off original stimulus o Positive feedback ▪ Output enhances or exaggerates original stimulus ▪ Variable changes in same direction o Anatomical Position ▪ Body erect ▪ Feet slightly apart ▪ Palms facing forward ▪ Thumbs away from body o Directional ▪ Where body structure is in relation to another o Regional terms ▪