AP US History Chapter 27 Notes

Causes of American Imperialism
Need for foreign market
Missionaries
International Darwinism
Jingoism
Growth of Navy
International Plundering of Africa and Asia
Example set by Colonial Nations
Fear of losing out
Americans were bruising for war- aggressive attitude
American Attitudes
Reverend Josiah Strong:
Author of “Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis
Theory was that Anglo- Saxton civilization is superior and American religion and values need to be spread
Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge (Massachusetts Senator):
Promoted Social Darwinism (the earth belonged to the strong and fit)
Alfred Thayer Mahan:
Author of “The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783”
Control of the sea is key to world dominance
Stimulated a naval race and the US demand for the Panama Canal
Hawaii
Background:
US used it as a way station for shippers, sailors, and whalers
1820- New England Missionaries entered
1840- US has a heavy influence on Hawaii
Pearl Harbor, 1887:
US gains naval base rights
Annexation Attempt:
1893- bad economy because of McKinley Tariff
Led to effort to be annexed by US and a revolt against Local Rule
Queen Liliuokalani
Opposed annexation and was put on house arrest
Grover Cleveland chose not to annex Hawaii
Believed the Hawaiians had been wronged and most were against the annexation
Hawaii was annexed in 1898 at the end of the Spanish- American War
US Business Interests in Hawaii
1875- Reciprocity Treaty
1890- McKinley Tariff (extremely high tariff)
1893—American Businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani
Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1892
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Misruled by Spain
Revolt against Spain in 1895
Rebel goals were to destroy sugar cane fields
This hurt Spain and drew the US into the conflict
US had $50 million invested
Trade worth $100 million per year
Frederick Remington (artist)
Hired by William Randolph Hearst, from the Yellow Press, to go to Cuba
Said if Remington painted the pictures of horror from Cuba, Hearst would print them and “furnish a war”
Spanish General Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler- 1896
Puts rebels into concentration camps
Around 200,000 die
De Lome Letters
Dupuy de Lome
Spanish ambassador to the US
Criticized President McKinley as weak, and “a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would- be politician who tried to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party”
America’s yellow press stirs citizens against Spain
USS Maine- February, 1898
Sent to Havana Harbor as a “friendly visit” to protect and evacuate US citizens
Explodes in the harbor
US blames Spain- killed 260 soldiers
“Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!”
Reasons the US Supported the Revolutionaries in Cuba:
Yellow Press (atrocity stories)
Outrage over the Spanish use of “concentration” camps
Fear of Spanish misrule in Cuba threatened the Gulf of Mexico and route to the future Panama Canal
Sympathy for Cuban patriots fighting for their freedom (similar to US Revolution)
USS Maine
Spanish- American War
President McKinley
Did not want war, but did not want to lose Cuba either
McKinley asks Congress for war on April 11, 1898
Teller Amendment:
Unselfish attempt from Congress
Promise Cuba they will be free after the war
Invasion of Cuba
US Navy fleet
Blocks Spanish ships in Cuban harbor
Superior to Spanish fleet
US realizes it need to land soldiers to drive out the Spanish
US army is unprepared (wool uniforms in hot Cuban climate)
“Rough Riders”
Volunteer soldiers
Recruited by Teddy Roosevelt
Led by Colonel Leonard Wood
Famous for the charge up Kettle Hill
Other key battles: El Caney and San Juan Hill
Spanish- American War
The Spanish fleet tries to make a run for it
Entire fleet is sunk and 500 are killed
Puerto Rico
US General Miles- sent to take PR from the Spanish
Native population greeted the troops as liberating heroes
Wanted same fate as Cuba (Teller Amendment)
US loses 400 in battle- 5,000 died of disease and other causes (both Cuban and US)
Pact of Paris- August 12, 1898
Armistice is signed with Spain
Battle of Manila Bay
The Spanish harshly control the Philippines too
Attack from the US divides the focus of the Spanish
Could be a gateway to Asia and trade
May 1, 1898
Commodore George Dewey takes Manila Bay
400 Spanish killed
Destroyed nearly all Spanish fleet
Proves American military power BUT…
War in the Philippines
Admiral Dewey must wait three months for maries to arrive to take Manila
Emilo Aguinaldo- former Philippine rebel was exiled to China
Was asked by Dewey to help raise a rebel army against Spain
Aguinaldo will later turn on the US
Dewey finally captures Manila on August 13, 1898
Outcome of the War
Pact of Paris: US gains control of Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
Spain is given $20 million for the Philippines
US also annexed Hawaii during the war
Now what to do with the Philippines?
Leaving could cause
Anarchy
It to be taken over by another country
Staying could give opportunity to…
“Christianize”
Civilize them
Economic factors?
US chose to keep the Philippines because there was no acceptable alternative to their acquisition
Imperialism Controversy
Anti-Imperialism League
Included the presidents of Harvard and Stanford Universities, Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, and Mark Twain
Reasons:
Dishonor ideals in Declaration of Independence
Fear that tyranny abroad might lead to tyranny at home
Cost (lots of money)
Potential conflict with other countries vying for Asia
Filipinos wanted freedom, not colonial rule
Reasons for Imperialism:
Victory was so complete
Expand trade and economic potential for trade with China
Manifest Destiny = idea expanded
Social Darwinism
Imperialistic competition and example
Appeal to patriotism
Puerto Rico: 1898
1900- Foraker Act
Puerto Rico became and “unincorporated territory”
Citizen of Puerto Rico, not a citizen of the US
Import duties of Puerto Rico goods
1901-1903 = the Insular Case
Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions
THE CONSTITUTION DID NOT FOLLOW THE FLAG
Scientific Side-Note
Dr. Walter Reed and Colonel William Gorgas
During war discovered mosquitoes were the cause of Yellow Fever
Huge medical breakthrough
What about Cuban Independence?
Remember the Teller Amendment (1898)?
Platt Amendment (1903):
Cuba:
Could not make agreements with foreign nations if it jeopardized their independence
Must lease Guantanamo Bay to the US for naval and a coaling station
Must not build up excessive debt
Us could intervene in Cuba to maintain an efficient independence
Filipino Insurrection 1899
Philippines not given freedom
Emilio Aguinaldo turned against US
Guerrilla warfare
US “unsuccessfully” repressed an estimated 4,234 US soldiers and 600,000 Filipinos were killed
Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in 1901- fighting ends
William Howard Taft
Sent to be governor of Philippines in 1901
Massive amounts of US money was spend in improving roads, sanitation, public health, and schools
Philippines finally given freedom in 1946
Open Door Policy- 1898-1900
“Spheres of Influence”
China was divided by Russia, Germany, France, Japan, and Britain
Wanted economic and political control of certain parts of China
US concerns
Missions held in China were in jeopardy
China’s markets were closing to non-Europeans (US selling of opium)
John Hay- Secretary of State
Proposes to allow free-trade (open-door) for all nations
Guaranteed no country would take over China
Ignored by other countries at first
The Boxer Rebellion
“Boxers”- 1900
The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Wanted to stop
Imperialistic expansion
Christian influence
Want to kick out “foreign devils”
Killed 200 and surrounded the foreign diplomatic community in Peking
US and other nations stopped the rebellion
Results:
$333 million charged to China by suppressing nations
US gets $24.5 million (mostly turned into scholarship funds to bring Chinese over to the US and then send them back to China “Americanized”)
John Hay reissues Open Door Notes
Other counties now accept the open door idea and it becomes a policy
Nine-Power Treaty- 1922
Designed to protect China’s territory
Nullified when Japan attached Manchuria
1900 Election
Republicans
William McKinley
Won war
Established the Gold Standard
Theodore Roosevelt is chosen as VP
Had been a progressive governor of NY
Democrats
William Jennings Bryan (again)
Issue: Imperialism of McKinley
McKinley won the election 292-155 EV
“Teddy” Roosevelt
Wealthy, distinguished NY family
Militaristic- “Rough Riders”
Self confident
Moralizer and reformer
Compromiser
Felt the president should lead boldly
“Bully Pulpit”
President had platform for an agenda
Everything he did was bigger than life
“Speak Softly and carry a Big Stick
Teddy and the Panama Canal
Background:
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty- 1850
US shared with Britain the building rights to a canal
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty- 1901
US got right from Britain to build the canal alone but Columbia refused
US had offered 5 million for a 6 mile wide zone and $250,000 annually
Revolution in Panama
Panama rebels against control of Colombia
US stops Columbia from stopping the rebellion
Officially recognizes Panama as a nation within 3 days
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
Treaty with Panama—
$10 million with and annual payment of $250,000
Canal zone is 10 miles wide
US to maintain the canal and keep a military presence

Building the Panama Canal—1904-1914
Saved 8,000 miles in traveling which saved money
Strained relations with Latin American countries
Army Corps of Engineers built
Led by Colonel George Goethals
Problems:
Yellow Fever
Dr. Walter Reed and William Gorgas discover how to defeat this disease
27,000 men died building the canal
Most from disease, but landslides, accidents, and poor sanitation, and labor troubles contributed
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Background:
Venezuela and Dominican Republic were always in debt to foreign powers
US finally intervened and arbitrated the debt
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt theory—“Preventive Intervention”
Justified US intervention to prevent other European countries from “intervening”
An extension of the Monroe Doctrine
Caribbean becomes a “Yankee Lake”—US will intervene
Dominican Republic in 1905
Cuba in 1906
Result is a legacy of distrust from Latin America towards the US
Russo-Japanese War
Japan attacks (without warning) Port Arthur, Manchuria which was then occupied by Russia
Successful at first, then Japan began to run out of money and troops
Appealed to the US to mediate while they were still ahead
Russia is just beginning to mobilize
Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Teddy Roosevelt gets the Nobel Prize for negotiating the Russo-Japanese War (1906)
Gentleman’s Agreement
By 1906 Japanese immigration to California increased- 70,000 moved to Pacific Coast
“Yellow Peril” Americans began to fear the growth of Asians in population and money
Asians denied the right to attend regular classes in San Francisco- earthquake limited facilities
Teddy Roosevelt orders local school board to Washington DC where he arranges for them to start classes for Asians in exchange for Japan discouraging immigrations to the US
Called the “Gentleman’s Agreement”

Root Takahira Agreement (1908)
A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the US
Japan recognized the US right to exlude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries
The US government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools
1908- Root Takahira Agreement
The Great White Fleet
16 modern battleships sent on a World Cruise
Ready for a “feast, a frolic or a fight”
Lead to the Root- Takahira Agreement in 1908 with Japan
1. Respect for each other’s territory in the Pacific
2. Respect for the Open Door in China