Like Descartes, Montesquieu associated freedom as being in accordance with reason. Unlike Descartes, Montesquieu did discuss external freedom as embodied through law more at length, and also wrote extensively on the subject of slavery. In The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu writes that “… political liberty does not consist in an unlimited freedom. In governments, that is, in societies directed by laws, liberty can consist only in the power of doing what we ought to will, and in not being constrained to do what we ought” (11.3). If the law is rational, then following the law is that which best promotes freedom precisely because it is in accordance with rationality. However, this begs the question of what is meant by rational law and whether living…
Baron de Montesquieu also touches on the definition of a democracy, drawing inspiration form the Roman structure, “the body of people is possessed of the supreme power.” In The Spirt of Laws he also touches on the fact that similarities to Roman punishments enlighten other governments similarities to that of Rome. John Locke also touches on this separation of powers labeling then differently in The Two Treaties of Civil Government labeling then as legislative, executive, and federative…
Cyrano de Bergerac, the Play vs. Roxane, the Movie In an effort to attract the audience of today, the producers of the movie Roxane retold the play Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rustond in a way that is appropriate and at the same time appealing. In order to give the audience of today a story that they can understand and relate to, the producers have adjusted and manipulated the play itself. As a result, several similarities and differences exist between the play Cyrano de Bergerac and its movie reproduction. The characteristics of a romantic hero in Rustond's time is not equivalent to the characteristics of a romantic hero today. In the play for example, Cyrano, a very ugly, old, yet intellectual man who loved Roxane, his cousin, with all his heart and soul was unable to profess his love for fear that she will have rejected him because of his looks. Enter Christian in the story, a young, average, yet handsome individual who also loved Roxane. The two made a pact with each other to create Roxane's image of a perfect romantic heroone that was breath-takingly handsome and at the same token, smart in a fun and interesting way. Together they charmed Roxane and she ultimately fell in love with Cyrano's enchanting personality and Christian's captivating appearance. Cyrano is portrayed as a great romantic hero because he died in silence to honor his friendship with Christian. When all the while he could have accumulated enough courage to pronounce his love for Roxane. During his life of silence, Cyrano looked after Roxane when Christian died in the war. Everyday for fifteen years he would go to the convent, where she stayed because of her vow to Christian, and recite to her the local news. In this manner, he has proven himself worthy to the title of a romantic hero during Rustond's time. On the other hand, someone in Cyrano's position in the present would not have necessarily…
The notion of Bertrande de Rols in The Wife of Martin Guerre as having good intentions suggests not only that she was mindful of her own feelings in her pursuit of the truth, but also of the feelings of others. However, Bertrande's intentions were to cleanse her soul and absolve herself from sin by indicting the impostor, Arnaud du Tilh. Yet, she undertakes this task considering the despair it would inflict upon the mesnie. These actions also are detrimental to Bertrande in causing her perhaps the most anguish and grief of all. Bertrande intends to uphold the status quo, yet she has due knowledge that pathway to the greater good will be harmful to her and the Mesnie.…
In A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, Bartolomé de Las Casas vividly describes the brutality wrought on the natives in the Americas by the Europeans primarily for the purpose of proclaiming and spreading the Christian faith. Las Casas originally intended this account to reach the royal administration of Spain; however, it soon found its way into the hands of many international readers, especially after translation. Bartolomé de Las Casas illustrates an extremely graphic and grim reality to his readers using literary methods such as characterization, imagery, amplification, authorial intrusion and the invocation of providence while trying to appeal to the sympathies of his audience about such atrocities.…
France was very popular at the time for creating the idea of kings reigning by divine right. This perception was that the ruler of a specific country was put there by God. It was their divine right to be there because they were performing the work of God. The king’s subjects were not to question the decisions of the king because it was God’s will; and who can question God? King Louis XIV was the most influential towards divine rights. He expected to be treated like a god because he was His representative on earth. Louis XIV was supported by Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, who was the leader of French Catholicism in the seventeenth century. He used examples from the New Testament of rulers who were only answerable to God. Popes had insisted since the medieval times that they could only be judged by God. Bossuet and Louis XIV then argued that only God had the right to judge kings.…
Tocqueville believed that since despotism is not restricted by laws or rules and being an arbitrary power which resists the notion of popular sovereignty, a democracy based on equality would result in isolationism ultimately creating a state of despotism. Tocqueville argued that equality resulted in citizens compromising their abilities due to the government limiting the individual’s potential. That a government based on the desires of the majority under the concept of equality actually resulted in isolationism by in essence lining citizen up shoulder to shoulder with no bond to link them together. With a system of equality the common link shared by men turns away from the common good and leads to self-interest and personal greed. Citizens…
During King Louis XVI rule, many bad decisions were made. For example, the prices of many goods, especially bread, had skyrocketed because bad weather had devastated the grain harvest, so the King made a tax system. This system confused many of the people and was unfair for them…
Jean-Jacques Rousseau stated that men were all equal causing the French to question the King and the slaves of their owners…
When deciding how to build a government Montesquieu and Hume had ideas on how they thought the government should work. Montesquieu believed that a republic cannot exist well in large territories, you get to far removed and the political leaders end up getting to do whatever they want. Hume believed that a republic cannot exist in a small territory because the people will get caught up in the little problems and will lose sight of the big picture. He said that as long as we elect good leaders for the best outcome, it can work in a large society.…
Describe how you might contribute to a lesson given to a group of seven year old children learning to play percussion instruments…
Marquis de Condorcet was an activist for women rights who ultimately believed that the French Revolution was “incomplete”. By this, he means that rights were only regarded to the human rights of one the sexes and not the whole entire society. Although Condorcet is amongst the few men who advocated for women’s right to vote, most women were not influenced by his beliefs. But the influence of Rousseau’s ideas and beliefs had a wider support that women should be sticking to their roles. Rousseau’s idea of general will emphasized that women should not be involved in politics and should only dependent on men. In other words, women are unfit to be involved in politics. For women who has some political rights were still seen to just stay home wife…
Discussions brought up by thinkers such as John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau encouraged the political revolutionaries in the development of the birth of the rights of a man, beliefs of equality, freedoms, and liberalism. Along with it came the arrival of the “self-made” man, referring to the embracing of liberty of the individual and accepting radical views, creating another conflict with the values upheld by the monarchy.…
The Great Depression was an awful point in history. It was a worldwide economic slump of the 1930’s. Banks, factories, and shops all closed. Millions of people were left jobless. Many people had to depend on the government or charity to provide them with their everyday needs. Rising unemployment, declining production, and falling prices spread rapidly to the rest of the world in the early 1930's. The Depression caused world trade to slow down a lot, as countries tried to help their own industries by increasing restrictions on imports.…
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his dramatic opening lines to his immensely powerful treatise "The Social Contract," wrote that man was naturally good but becomes corrupted by the pernicious influence of human society and institutions. He preached a mankind improved by returning to nature and living a natural life at peace with his neighbors and himself. He claims to be in favor of democracy, but what he really favors is egalitarianism. Rousseau's influence both in art and politics was huge in his own day and continues to be strong today. Although they are two of the most famous of the great French philosophes, Rousseau and Voltaire hated each other. In fact, it would be hard to ever envision the urbane and suave Voltaire and the radically democratic Rousseau ever seeing eye to eye on much: Voltaire believed that through education and reason man could separate himself from the beasts while Rousseau thought that it was precisely all this which made men "unnatural" and corrupted. As Betrand Russell put it so eloquently: "It is not surprising that Rousseau and Voltaire ultimately quarreled; the marvel is that they did not quarrel sooner." Like many intellectuals, Rousseau was a great lover of mankind as a collective but singularly unable to appreciate or get along with any individual persons who he encountered in his life. On the other hand, Voltaire was not a person you wanted to engage in a literary tête-a-tête as his scorn and ridicule were lethal.…