Bio 181 Notes

Foundations of the theory: a proposed explanation of a pattern in nature to rise that explanation is usually in the sciences, is called a hypothesis. has to be tested over and over
1665- Hooke cut cork in half, began looking at “cells” began looking at little packaged parts.
1673- Leuwenhoek
1838- Schleiden, botanist all things are composed of cells
1839- Schwann, physiologist
1858- Virchow, physician next big thing, came to the conclusion that cells didn’t appear but they came from previously existing cells
The ‘initial’ Cell Theory all organisms are composed of one or more cells
The cell is the basic unit of life
All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells
Modern Cell theory cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities. all basic chemical and physiological functions are carried out inside the cells.
Cell functions depend on the activities of subcellular structures within the cell
The cell contains hereditary information (DNA) that is passed cell to cell during cell division.
Groups of Organisms
Domains Kingdoms
Bacteria+Archaea Monera  prokaryotes
Eukarya  Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia  eukaryotes
Characteristics of Kingdoms
Monera
prokaryotes, bacteria + Archaea
Protista
diverse collection of groups if cell wall- carbohydrate cellulose Heterotrophic or autotropic trophic refers to feeding, auto meaning self feeding, heterotrophic means, has to get its own food. uni- or multicellular
Fungi
all heterotrophic complete lack of flagella cell wall of chitin contains nitrogen, also in bugs plantae all autotrophic cell wall of cellulose all multicellular
Animalia
no cell walls all heterotrophic all multicellular
Heterotrophic prokaryote cells plasma membrane = cell membrane made of lipid and protein controls what enters and leaves site of enzyme activity cell wall protects cell little control over what enters carbohydrate DNA hereditary material controls cell funtions bacterial chromosomes different form eukaryote chromosomes usually circular associated proteins not like eukaryote histones small circular “accessory” chromosomes = plastids cytoplasm mostly water enzymes salts, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids
ATP- energy source ribosomes protein and RNA
RNA composed of protein and “” protein factory
70 S (Svedberg units)
Svedberg units?? a measure of sedimentation (sinking) rate depends on size and density density- gradient centrifugation
Cesium chloride (CsCl)
Heterotrophic prokaryote cells cytoplasm functions of cytoplasm solvent mixing cytoplasmic streaming allows reactants to interact inflates cell turgor pressure flagellum motor embedded in plasma membrane whipping motion as motor turns many bacteria produces “run and tumble” movement
Autotrophic prokaryotes features of heterotrophs and
Thylakoids
concentric, peripheral membranes photosynthetic machinery embedded membrane surrounds a tube eukaryotic cell structure and functions major organelles cell wall plasma membrane made of phopolipids cytoplasm fluid of the cell excluding the bound items cytosol vacuoles membrane bound structures that serve different functions nucleus two layers of membrane nuclear cores nucleolus high concentration of RNA and small and large ribosome subunits, also , DNA