Biology Final Study Guide

CHAPTER 6 (SECTION 6.3)
Bonding
Carbon- 4 bonds attached Oxygen- 2 bonds attached Hydrogen- 1 bond attached
Purines vs. Pyrimidines Purines- adenine & guanine Pyrimidines- cytosine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA)
Pentose vs. Hexose sugars Pentose- 5 carbon atoms Hexose- 6 carbon atoms
Carbohydrates Empirical Formula CH2O
Hydrolysis vs. Condensation Reactions Hydrolysis- using water to break down protein into amino acids Condensation Reaction- nucleotides
Enzymes- a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction - usually end in -ase
Ribose vs. Deoxyribose Ribose- C5H10O5 Deoxyribose- C5H10O4
Lipids- Glycerol + Fatty Acids
"ELF"
-if one fatty acid bonds to a glycerol molecule, a monoglyceride is formed (L)
-if two fatty acids bond to a glycerol molecule, a diglyceride is formed (F)
-if three fatty acids bond to a glycero molecule, a triglyceride is formed (E)
Proteins- made up of amino acids
Amino Acids- 20 Types -"R" group changes
RNA vs. DNA RNA- one strand DNA- two strands (double helix)
Nucleic Acids- long polymers of repeating subunits called nucleotides
Isomers- same molecular formula, but different structural formula

Chapter 7
Robert Hooke -(English) observed cork through a simple microscope (1665) -hollow boxes- cells (dead)
Plasma Membrane vs. Cell Wall Plasma Membrane- surrounds an animal cell Cell Wall- surrounds a plant cell
Mitochondria
-"powerhouse"
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes- most are single celled -lacks internal structures surrounded by membranes -DNA is concentrated in an area referred to as the nucleoid region -have cytoplasm -have plasma membrane Eukaryotes- single or mlti-cellular -contains membrane bound structures called organelles -more complex -have a membrane bound nucleus
Cilia vs. Flagella Cilia- little hairs Flagella- long tail
Chromatin Network- DNA
Plastids-chromoplasts- red/blue -chloroplast- green -carotene- orange/yellow -leukoplasts- white
Animal vs. Plant Cells (shape) animal- round plant- rounded rectangle
Cytology- the study of cells
Cell- basic unit of life
Plasma Membrane
Osmosis vs. Diffusion osmosis- diffusion of water molecules diffusion- movement of molecules from an area of gueater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
Turgor pressure- pressure that exists inside a cell
Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic Solutions Isotonic- a solution in which the sconcentration of dissolved substances is the same as the concentration inside the cell - no change in cell size Hypotonic- a solution in whichdsfaasdf the concentration of dissolved substance is lower than the concentration inside the cell - pressure increases and cell swells Hypertonic- a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is higher than the concentration inside the cell - pressure decreases and cell shrivels
Pinocytosis vs. Phagocytosis pinocytosis- "cell drinking"; the cell taking in a drop of liquid phagocytosis- "cell eating"; the lysosomes of white blood cells digesting bacteria
Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis endocytosis- moving into a cell exocytosis- moving out of a cell
Plasma Membrane- Semi- Permeable (lets some stuff through) - Lipid Bilayer (composed of 2 layers of fat w/ a layer of protein on each side)
Transport Proteins- proteins embeddes in the lipid bilayer which allow needed substances or waste materials to move through the plasma membrane
Active vs. Passive Transport active- the transport of material across the concentration gradient - lesser concentration to greater concentration - requires the cell to expend energy passive transport- the passive transport of materials across the plasma membrane by means of transport proteins (facilitated diffusion)
Chapter 9
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic aerobic- requires oxygen anaerobic- does not require oxygen
Photosynthesis- process by which autotrophs produce simple sugars and oxygens from water and carbon dioxide by using energy absorbed from sunlight by chloroplasts Chlorophyll- traps sunlight Light Reaction- produces ATP and NADPH+ H+ Dark Reaction- produces glucose (must go through 6 cycles to produce glucose) NADP- hydrogen acceptor
Cellular Respiration- process by which food molecules are broken down to release energy Glycolysis- the first step (in the cytoplasm) - needs 2 ATP to start process Electron transport- most ATP Breaks down gluclose Hydrogen acceptors-NAD and FAD
Chemosynthesis- when photosynethesis can't occur; uses chemicals to produce food
Energy- the ability to do work
ADP vsafd. ATP ADP- adensdsdffosine diphosphate ATP- adenosine triphossphate - energy storing molecule in cells ADP --> ATP efsanergy is stored ATP --> ADP esdffanergy is released
ADP and ATP have sugar bases
Mitosis/Meiosis
Clevage Furrow vs. sfafDivision Plate Clevage Furrow- in animal cells; when the cell is separating, the dip between the 2 cells; divides from thefsda outside in Division Pasdflate- in plant cells; when the cell is separating, the wall thatfsa forms between the 2 cells; divides from the inside out
Chromosomes- hufdsaman body cell (46) human reproductive cell (23)
Mitosis- 2 cells in the end (1 parent and 1 new)
Meiosis- 2 divisionssfaas - sex cells
Interphase- DNA replication - takes up majority of the time
Prophase- nuclear breakdown - spindle forms
Metaphase- chromosomes line up across the center
Haploid vs. Diploid Haploid- contain one of each kind of chromosome (gametes- reproductive organ) Diploid- contains two of each kind of chromosome (body cells)
Genetics
Monohybrid- one heterozygous trait x same heterozygous one trait ex. het. tall x het. tall **always 3/4 dominant, 1/4 recessive
Dihybrid- 2 heterozygous traits x same 2 heterozygous traits ex. het. tall, het. green x het. tall, het. green **always 9:3:3:1
Trihybrid- 3 heterozygous traits x same 3 heterozygous traits ex. het. tall, het. green, het. axial x het. tall, het. green, het. axial **always 27sfd9:9:9:3:3:3:1
Know Blood Typing, Incomplete and Complete dominance gene interactions w/ onions, cattle, and ferrets