E-learning in Iran as a developing Country: Challenges Ahead and
Possible Solutions
Mas`oud Mahmoodi-Shahrebabaki, Massoud Yaghoubi-Notash (PhD)
University of Teheran, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Teheran, Iran
masoud.mahmoodi@outlook.com
University of Tabriz, English Department, Faculty of Persian Literature & Foreign Languages, Tabriz, Iran
masoud.yaghoubi@gmail.com
Abstract
E-learning has lately grown into a proliferating area because of its good potentials for instructional and assessment purposes. Context of instruction where e-learning is commissioned can bear implications for the scope and instances of application. The present study addresses the major challenges faced in this respect by Iranian practitioners and also offer some practical solutions to these challenges. As a descriptive study in nature, the data population comprised 350 Iranian citizens from various social, economical and educational backgrounds aged between 16 and 53 who were asked to prioritize six major challenges Iranian people face regarding the e-learning arena on a standardized Likert-type scale. The challenges were selected from among those earlier cited in the related literature. Six major challenges to be prioritized were: lack of government support, lack of public awareness, high costs of e-learning, collectivist society of Iran, low-speed internet, internal filtering and external sanctions. The results indicated that lack of public awareness, lack of government support and collectivist society of Iran were chosen by the participants as the main hurdles in the path of e-learning development in Iran, respectively. Further solutions and implications of the study are discussed in the study.
Indexing terms/Key words:
E-learning, Challenges in E-learning, E-learning in Iran
Academic Discipline and Sub-Disciplines
Education, educational technology
Subject Classification
E-learning
Council for Innovative Research
Peer Review Research Publishing System
References: Adrich, C. 2004. Simulations and the Future of Learning. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Albirini, A. 2006. Teachers‟ attitudes toward information and communication technologies: the case of Syrian EFL teachers Andersson, A. and Gronlund, A. 2009. A conceptual framework for e-learning in developing countries: A critical review of research challenges Arsham, H. 2002. Impact of the internet on learning and teaching, Journal of the United States Distance Learning Education Arsham, H. 2010. Interactive education: impact of the Internet on learning and teaching. Retrieved October 2013 from http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/interactive.htm Bates, A. 2005.Technology, e-learning and distance education. London. Rutledge. Claudia, M., Steil, A., and Todesco, J. 2004. Factors influencing the adoption of the internet as a teaching tool at foreign language schools De Marsico, M., Sterbini, A., and Temperini, M. 2013. A Strategy to join adaptive and reputation-based socialcollaborative e-learning, through the zone of proximal development. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies (IJDET) Garrison, D.R. 1997. Self-directed learning: toward a comprehensive model. Adult Education Quarterly, 48,1618. 10. Granger, C. A., Morbey, M. L., Lotherington, H., Owston, R. D., and Wideman, H. H. 2002. Factors contributing to teachers‟ successful implementation of IT 11. Henry, M. and Abala, A. 2009. E-learning research methods and approaches. Proceedings of the 1st Kuwait Conference on E-Services and E-Systems, Nov 14. Hunt, L.C., Jr. 1997. The Effect of Self-Selection, Interest, and Motivation upon frustrational levels 16. Kousha, K. 2004. Iran 's national ICT education plan: an overview of the possibilities, problems and the programs. 17. Knowles, M. S. 1975. Self-directed learning: a guide for learners and teachers, Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 18. Laurillard, D. 1995. Multimedia and the changing experience of the learner. British Journal of Educational Technology 19. Liaw, S. S. 2002. An Internet survey for perceptions of computer and World Wide Web: relationship, prediction, and difference 20. Liaw, S. S. (2004). Considerations for developing constructivist Web-based learning. International Journal of Instructional Media 21. Lubis, M.A., S.R. Ariffin, T.A. Muhamad, M.S. Ibrahim andI.S. Wekke. 2009. The integration of ICT in the teaching and learning processes: A study on smart school of Malaysia 22. Muir-Herzig, R. G. 2004. Technology and its impact in the classroom. Computers and Education. 42, 111–131. 794 | P a g e July 25, 2014 25. Rabiee, A. Nazarian, Z. Gharibshaeian, R. 2013. An Explanation for Internet Use Obstacles Concerning Elearning in Iran. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning 14, 361-377. 26. Rosenberg, M. 2001. E-Learning: Strategies for Delivering Knowledge in the Digital Age. New York: McGraw-Hill. 27. Rossett, A. and Sheldon, K. 2001. Beyond The Podium: Delivering Training and Performance to aDigital World.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer. 28. Rudenstam, O., A. 2012. Individualism vs. collectivism. Retrieved 2014, January 29, from https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/orudenstam/2012/10/05/individualism-vs-collectivism/ 29. Saba, and Shearer, R. 1994. Verifying key theoretical concepts in a dynamic model of distance education. The American Journal of Distance Education 30. Tabatabaei, M. 2010. Evolution of distance education in Iran, Procedia, 2, 1043–1047. 31. Tavangarian D., Leypold M., Nölting K., Röser M., 2004. Is e-learning the Solution for Individual Learning? Journal of e-learning, 2, 273-280. 32. Umrani-Khan, F. and Iyer, S. 2009. ELAM: A model foracceptance and use of e-learning by teachers andstudents 33. Wang, Y. S. 2003. Assessment of learner satisfaction with asynchronous electronic learning systems. Information andManagement, 41, 75–86. 34. Yaghoubi, J. Malek Mohammadi, I. Attaran, M. Iravani, and Gheidi, H. 2008. Virtual students‟ perception of elearning in Iran. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology,7 , 159-173. 35. Passerini, K., and Granger, M. J. 2000. A development model for distance learning using the Internet. Computers and Education