IGCSE history revision guide
Revision Checklist for IGCSE
History 0470
Guide for Students
Revision Checklist for IGCSE History 0470
A Guide for Students
How to use this guide
The guide describes what you need to know about your IGCSE History examination. It will help you to plan your revision programme for the examination and will explain what the examiners are looking for in the answers you write. It can also be used to help you to revise by using the tick boxes in Section 3, ‘What you should be able to’ to check what you know and which topic areas of History you have covered.
The guide contains the following sections:
Section 1 - How will you be tested?
This section will give you information on the different examination papers that are available.
Section 2 - What will you be tested on?
This section describes the areas of knowledge, understanding and skills that the examiners will test you on.
Section 3 - What you should know
This shows the syllabus content in a simple way so that you can check:
• which topics you need to know
• details about each topic in the syllabus
• how much of the syllabus you have covered
Section 4: Appendices
This section covers other things you need to know such as:
• useful web sites
• important command words that Examiners use in the examination Papers
Not all the information will be relevant to you. You will have to select what you need to cover in
Sections (1) and (3) by finding out from your teacher whether you are doing Coursework or the alternative Paper to coursework.
Section 1 - How will you be tested?
1.1 About the examinations you will take
You will sit three Papers: i.e. Paper 1 and Paper 2, and either Paper 3 (coursework) or Paper 4
(alternative to coursework).
Your teacher will be able to tell you whether you are doing coursework (Paper 3) or taking Paper
4.
If you are doing coursework, you will complete two assignments and just take Paper 1 and Paper
2 in the examination. However, if you are not doing coursework, you will take three Papers in the examination, i.e. Paper1, Paper 2 and Paper 4.
1.2 About the written Papers
The table below gives you information about the written Papers
How long and how many marks?
What’s in the paper?
Paper 1
2 hours (60 marks)
You must answer a total of three questions, two from Section A and one from
Section B.
40%
Paper 2
2 hours (50 marks)
You must answer all of the questions from either the
Nineteenth or Twentieth Century option. 33%
Paper number What’s the % of the total marks?
Here is some more detail about each of the Papers:
(i) Paper 1
You have to answer three of the questions available, so take your time to choose your questions carefully at the start of the examination.
There will be two Sections – A and B.
Section A (Core Content) will contain eight questions, four on the 19th century Core and four on the 20th century Core. You must answer any two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies) will contain two questions on each of the Depth Studies. You must answer one question.
[Note: three questions will be set on Depth Study E, Southern Africa].
Each question on Paper 1 will have three parts and will be based on stimulus material which will help your understanding of the questions but you do not have to use the source in your answer.
The stimulus material may be a photograph, cartoon, written information, sketch map, diagram, graph table of information etc.
You will be tested on your understanding of both the Core Content and Depth Study by showing in your answer the selection of relevant knowledge and your ability to write your response in an appropriate manner.
(ii) Paper 2
This paper will have two options: a 19th-century topic and a 20th-century topic. Candidates answer the questions on one option.
The topics will be prescribed by the Examination Board (CIE) each year and will be taken from the Core Content. Each option will include a collection of source material relating to the prescribed topic, and a series of questions based on the material.
For the examination in 2009 the topics will be:
19th century core: The modernisation of Japan (May/June examination) OR
The causes of the First World War (November examination)
20th century core: German involvement in the Spanish Civil War (May/June 2009 examination)
OR the decline and collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe (November 2009 examination)
1.3 About the coursework/alternative written paper
The remaining examinations for IGCSE History are either in the form of coursework or another written paper, Paper 3 (two coursework assignments written in your own time) or the alternative to coursework, Paper 4, which tests the same skills and knowledge as Papers 1 and 2 in a timed written examination. Your teacher will be able to tell you which Paper you will be entered for.
Paper number Paper 3
How long and how many marks?
No fixed time
(40 marks)
Paper 4
1 hour
(40 marks)
What’s involved?
You will complete two coursework assignments of about 1500 words in total.
Your teacher will design each assignment which will be based on any one or two of the Depth Studies you have been taught.
You will answer one question only based upon one of the Depth Studies you have been taught.
What’s the % of the total marks
27%
(you do either
Paper 3 or
Paper 4)
27%
(you do either Paper
3 or
Paper 4)
Here is some more detail about these Papers:
(i) Paper 3 (coursework)
You will carry out two assignments during your History course, which will be assessed by your teacher. One piece of work must target Objectives 1/2, and the other must target Objective 3 (see
Section 2 below). Each assignment will be worth up to 20 marks.
(ii) Paper 4 (alternative to coursework Paper)
In this written paper you will answer one question on one of the Depth Studies. Each question has a part (a) and a part (b). Questions set in part (a) are designed to test your ability to use source evaluation as in Paper 2 and questions set in part (b) are based on your ability to recall knowledge of the subject content being questioned as in Paper 1.
Section 2 - What will you be tested on?
The examiners take account of the following skill areas in your examination Papers:
• knowledge (what you remember, select and use)
• understanding of some key concepts
• evaluation of sources
These skills are called assessment objectives. They are explained in the table below. Your teacher will be able to give you more information about how each of these is tested in the examination Papers.
Assessment
objective
What the objective means What you need to be able to do
1:
Recall of
Knowledge
Remembering and selecting relevant facts and applying these appropriately in your answers Demonstrating an understanding of key historical ideas and the reasons why people made decisions in the past Understanding and assessing the meaning of sources and using them as evidence of how people in the past made judgements and acted the way they did.
recall, select, organise and deploy knowledge of the syllabus content
2:
Understanding
historical concepts 3:
Evaluation of sources demonstrate an understanding of:
(a) change and continuity, cause and consequence, similarity and difference;
(b) the motives, emotions, intentions and beliefs of people in the past. comprehend, interpret, evaluate and use a range of sources as evidence in their historical context.
Section 3 - What you need to know
The tables below describe the topics you may be tested on in the examination. It is arranged in two Options (19th and 20th Century) and eight Depth Studies with several topic areas within each
Option or Depth Study. Each topic area is divided up into sections, which contain the detail that you need to know.
How to use the tables
You can use the tables throughout your course to check the topic areas you have covered. You can also use it as a revision aid. When you think you have a good knowledge of a topic, you can tick the appropriate box in the checklist column.
Test yourself as follows:
• cover up the details with a piece of paper
• try to remember the details using the prompts
• when you have remembered the details correctly, put a tick in the appropriate box. If you use a pencil to tick the boxes, you can retest yourself whenever you want by simply rubbing out the ticks. If you are using the table as a checklist of which topics you have covered, you can put a tick in the topic column next to the appropriate point.
The column headed ‘Comments’ can be used to:
• add further information about the details for each bullet point
• note relevant page numbers from your text book
• add learning aids e.g. BIG THREE AT VERSAILLES (Lloyd George, Clemenceau and
Wilson), ENABLING ACT (summary of details)
• highlight areas of difficulty/ things which you need to ask your teacher about.
Option A: 19th century, The Development of Modern Nation States, 1848-1914
1.1 Were the
Revolutions of
1848
important?
Topic outline
You should be able to:
Why were there so many revolutions in
1848?
Describe the nature of revolutions in 1848 and the influence of liberalism and nationalism.
Did the revolutions have anything in common? Why did most of the revolutions fail? 1.2 How was
Italy unified?
Did the revolutions change anything?
Why was Italy not unified in 18481850?
Checklist
Describe the causes and events of revolutions in
France, Italy, Germany and the Austrian Empire.
As above
Describe the reasons for the failure of the revolutions.
As above
Describe Austrian influence over nationalism and the role of Mazzini.
Italy,
Italian
How important was Garibaldi's contribution to unifying Italy?
Describe the work of Garibaldi and the invasion of Sicily and Naples and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy and the completion of unification by 1870.
Did Cavour help or hinder the unification of
Italy?
How important for other European countries were moves towards
Italian
unification?
Outline the events of 1848-9 and the work of Victor
Emmanuel II and Cavour, Plombieres and the war with
Austria in 1859.
As above
Comments
Option A: 19th century, The Development of Modern Nation States, 1848-1914
1.3 How was
Germany
unified?
Topic outline
Why was
Germany not unified in 184850?
You should be able to:
Describe the nature of German nationalism, the work of the Zollverein, the 1848 revolution in Prussia and the setting up and eventual failure of the Frankfurt
Parliament. Outline the re-establishment of Austrian influence in Germany by 1850.
How did
Bismarck bring about Austria's defeat of 1866?
Describe the work of Bismarck as Prussian MinisterPresident, his foreign policy to 1871 including
Schleswig-Holstein, the Austro-Prussian War and its consequences. How did
Bismarck bring about France's defeat of 1870?
As above
How far was
Bismarck
responsible for the unification of
Germany?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Option A: 19th century, The Development of Modern Nation States, 1848-1914
1.4 Why was there a civil war in the
United States?
Topic outline
How far did slavery cause the
Civil War?
What was the significance of
Lincoln's election as President?
Why was the
North able to win the war?
Did the war change anything?
1.5 How effectively had
Japan
modernised itself by 1914?
You should be able to:
Describe the causes and consequences of the American
Civil War, 1820-77: differences between North and
South; slavery, slave states and free states; abolitionism; the 1860 election and secession of the
Southern states;
Describe the reasons for the North's victory, the role of
Lincoln; reconstruction. (Coverage of the events of the war is not required except insofar as they help to explain the North's victory.)
As above
Checklist
Comments
Checklist
Comments
As above
Topic outline
What was the impact of Perry's missions on
Japan?
Why did the Meiji
Restoration
occur?
You should be able to:
Describe Perry's missions and the unequal treaties.
Japan's relations with her neighbours to 1914.
How westernised was Japan by
1914?
Was Japan a
Great Power by
1914?
As above
Describe the Meiji Restoration and modernisation.
As above
Option A: 19th century, The Development of Modern Nation States, 1848-1914
1.6 What caused the
First World
War?
Did the Alliance
System make war more likely or less likely?
How far did colonial problems create tensions between the
Great Powers?
Why were problems in the
Balkans so difficult for the
Great Powers to solve? How did the assassination of
Franz Ferdinand lead to war?
Describe the origins of the First World War, 1890-1914 and the Alliance System
Outline the colonial rivalries that existed at the time
Outline the developments in the Balkans between 1890 and 1914 which led to tension in the area
Describe the crisis of June-July 1914 and the outbreak of war.
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.1 Were the
Peace Treaties of 1919-23 fair? Topic outline
What were the motives and aims of the Big Three at Versailles?
You should be able to:
Describe the peace treaties of 1919-23: the roles of individuals such as Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd
George in the peacemaking process
Why did all the victors not get everything they wanted? As above
What was the impact of the peace treaty on
Germany up to
1923?
Describe the impact of the treaties on the defeated countries Could the treaties be justified at the time? Describe contemporary opinions about the treaties.
Checklist
Comments
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.2 To what extent was the
League of
Nations a success? Topic outline
How successful was the League in the 1920s?
How far did weaknesses in the League's organisation make failure inevitable? You should be able to:
Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the League of Nations, including its structure and organisation, successes and failures in peacekeeping during the
1920s
As above
How far did the
Depression make the work of the
League more difficult? Describe the impact of the World Depression on the work of the League after 1929
How successful was the League in the 1930s?
Describe the failures of the League in the 1930s, including Manchuria and Abyssinia.
Checklist
Comments
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.3 Why had international peace collapsed by
1939?
Topic outline
What were the long-term consequences of the peace treaties of 191923?
You should be able to:
Describe the collapse of international order in the 1930s: the increasing militarism of Germany, Italy and Japan;
What were the consequences of the failures of the
League in the
1930s?
As above
How far was
Hitler's
foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in 1939?
Describe Hitler's foreign policy to 1939: the Saar, remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Anschluss with Austria, appeasement, crises over Czechoslovakia and Poland, the outbreak of war.
Was the policy of appeasement justified?
As above
How important was the NaziSoviet Pact?
Why did Britain and France declare war on
Germany in
September
1939?
As above
As above
Checklist
Comments
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.4 Who was to blame for the Cold War?
Topic outline
You should be able to:
Why did the
USA-USSR
alliance begin to break down in
1945?
Describe the origins of the Cold War: the 1945 summit conferences and the breakdown of the USA-USSR alliance in 1945-6;
How had the
USSR gained control of Eastern
Europe by 1948?
Describe Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe to 1948, and American reactions to it
How did the USA react to Soviet expansionism? As above
What were the consequences of the Berlin
Blockade?
Describe the occupation of Germany and the Berlin
Blockade.
Who was the more to blame for starting the Cold
War, the USA or the USSR?
All the above
Checklist
Comments
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.5 How effectively did the USA contain the spread of
Communism?
1.6 How secure was the USSR's control over
Eastern
Europe, 1948c.1989?
Topic outline
You should be able to:
America and events in Cuba,
1959-62 and
Vietnam.
Describe events of the Cold War: case studies of
American reactions to the Cuban revolution, including the missile crisis and its aftermath.
Describe American involvement in the Vietnam War.
Why was there opposition to
Soviet control in
Hungary in 1956,
Czechoslovakia
in 1968, and how did the USSR react to this opposition? How similar were events in
Hungary in 1956 and in
Czechoslovakia
in 1968?
Why was the
Berlin Wall built in 1961?
What was the significance of
'Solidarity' in
Poland for the decline of Soviet influence in
Eastern Europe?
Describe Soviet power in Eastern Europe: resistance to
Soviet power in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia
(1968)
As above
Describe the background to the building of the Berlin
Wall
Describe the 'Solidarity' Movement in Poland
Checklist
Comments
How far was
Gorbachev
personally responsible for the collapse of
Soviet control over Eastern
Europe?
Describe the work of Gorbachev and the collapse of the
Soviet Empire.
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.7 How effective has the United
Nations
Organisation been? Topic outline
You should be able to:
What are the functions of the
UNO?
Describe the aims of the UNO, the organisation of the
UNO, its agencies and their work.
How far has the organisation of the UNO hindered its effectiveness? Case studies of the UNO in action: the
Korean War and the Congo.
Describe the implications of the growth of membership: admission of developing nations and China.
Describe the work of the UNO in Korea (1950-3) and in the Congo (1960-3).
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study A: Germany, 1918-45
1.1 Was the
Weimar
Republic doomed from the start?
Topic outline
How did
Germany emerge from defeat at the end of the First
World War?
You should be able to:
Describe the Revolution of 1918 and the establishment of the Republic.
What was the impact of the
Treaty of
Versailles on the
Republic?
Describe the reactions to it.
To what extent did the Republic recover after
1923?
Describe the Weimar constitution, main political divisions and the role of the army.
Describe the political disorder, 1919-23; economic crises and hyper-inflation and the occupation of the
Ruhr.
What were the achievements of the Weimar period? Describe the achievements of the Stresemann era and the cultural achievements of the Weimar period.
Versailles
settlement
and
German
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study A: Germany, 1918-45
1.2 Why was
Hitler able to dominate Germany by
1934?
Topic outline
What did the Nazi
Party stand for in the 1920s?
You should be able to:
Describe the early years of the Nazi Party: Nazi ideas and methods, the Munich Putsch, the roles of Hitler and other Nazi leaders.
Why did the
Nazis have little success before
1930?
As above
Why was Hitler able to become
Chancellor by
1933?
Describe the impact of the Depression on Germany: political, economic and social crisis of 1930-3, reasons for the Nazis' rise to power,
How did Hitler consolidate his power in 1933-4?
Describe how Hitler takes power, the Reichstag Fire and the election of 1933.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study A: Germany, 1918-45
1.3 (a) The
Nazi regime: how effectively did the Nazis control Germany,
1933-45?
Topic outline
How much opposition was there to the Nazi regime? You should be able to:
Describe Nazi rule in Germany: the Enabling Act, the
Night of the Long Knives, the death of Hindenburg, removal of opposition, methods of control and repression, use of culture and the mass media.
Describe Germany’s economic policy including rearmament. How effectively did the Nazis deal with their political opponents?
As above
How did the
Nazis use culture and the mass media to control the people?
As above
Why did the
Nazis persecute many groups in
German society?
As above
Was Nazi
Germany a totalitarian state?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study A: Germany, 1918-45
1.3 (b) The
Nazi regime: what was it like to live in
Nazi
Germany?
Topic outline
How did young people react to the Nazi regime?
You should be able to:
Describe the different experiences of Nazi rule: women and young people, anti-Semitism, persecution of minorities. How successful were Nazi policies towards women and the family? As above
Did most people in Germany benefit from Nazi rule? As above
How did the coming of war change life in
Nazi Germany?
Describe the impact of the Second World War on
Germany: conversion to war economy, the Final
Solution and the opposition to Nazi rule.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study B: Russia, 1905-41
1.1 Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in
1917?
Topic outline
How well did the
Tsarist regime deal with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914?
You should be able to:
Describe the main features of Tsarist rule and Russian society before the First World War:
How did the Tsar survive the 1905 revolution? Describe the 1905 revolution and its aftermath, and attempts at reform.
How far was the
Tsar weakened by the First World
War?
Describe the impact of the First World War on the
Russian people.
Why was the revolution of
March 1917 successful? Describe the reasons for the successes of the March revolution of 1917.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study B: Russia, 1905-41
1.2 How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?
Topic outline
How effectively did the
Provisional
Government rule
Russia in 1917?
You should be able to:
Describe the Provisional Government, the Soviets and the growing power of revolutionary groups.
Why were the
Bolsheviks able to seize power in
November 1917?
Describe the reasons for the failure of the Provisional
Government.
Describe the Bolshevik seizure of power and the role of
Lenin.
Why did the
Bolsheviks win the Civil War?
Describe the main features of Bolshevik rule, the Civil
War, War Communism and the reasons for the
Bolshevik victory.
How far was the
New Economic
Policy a success? Describe the Kronstadt Rising and the establishment of the New Economic Policy.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study B: Russia, 1905-41
1.3 How did
Stalin gain and hold on to power? Topic outline
Why did Stalin, and not Trotsky, emerge as
Lenin's
successor?
You should be able to:
Describe the circumstances of Lenin's death and the struggle for power: reasons for Stalin's emergence as leader by 1928.
Why did Stalin launch the
Purges?
Describe Stalin's dictatorship: use of terror, the Purges, propaganda and official culture.
What methods did Stalin use to control the Soviet
Union?
As above
How complete was Stalin's control over the
Soviet Union by
1941?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study B: Russia, 1905-41
1.4 What was the impact of
Stalin's
economic policies? Topic outline
Why did Stalin introduce the
Five-Year Plans?
You should be able to:
Describe Stalin's economic policies and their impact: the modernisation of Soviet industry, the Five-Year Plans, collectivisation in agriculture.
Why did Stalin introduce collectivisation?
As above
How successful were Stalin's economic changes?
As above
How were the
Soviet people affected by these changes? Describe life in the Soviet Union: the differing experiences of social groups, ethnic minorities and women. Checklist
Comments
Depth Study C: The USA, 1919-41
1.1 How far did the US economy boom in the
1920s?
Topic outline
On what factors was the economic boom based? You should be able to:
Describe the expansion of the US economy during the
1920s
Why did some industries prosper while others did not?
Describe mass production in the car and consumer durables industries, the fortunes of older industries, the development of credit and hire purchase
Why did agriculture not share in the prosperity? Describe the decline of agriculture during the 1920s.
Did all Americans benefit from the boom? Describe the weaknesses in the economy by the late
1920s.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study C: The USA, 1919-41
1.2 How far did US society change in the
1920s?
Topic outline
What were the
‘Roaring 20s’?
You should be able to:
Describe society in the 1920s: the 'Roaring Twenties', film and other media, prohibition and gangsterism, race relations, discrimination against black Americans, the Ku
Klux Klan
How widespread was intolerance in US society?
As above
Why was prohibition introduced, and then later repealed? As above
How far did the roles of women change during the 1920s?
Describe the changing roles of women in the 1920s.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study C: The USA, 1919-41
1.3 What were the causes and consequences of the Wall
Street Crash?
Topic outline
How far was speculation responsible for the Wall Street
Crash?
You should be able to:
Describe the Wall Street Crash and its financial, economic and social effects. What was the reaction of
President Hoover to the Crash?
What impact did the Crash have on the economy?
As above
What were the social consequences of the Crash?
As above
Why did
Roosevelt win the election of 1932?
The Presidential election of 1932: Hoover's and
Roosevelt's programmes.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study C: The USA, 1919-41
1.4 How successful was the New
Deal?
Topic outline
What was the
New Deal as introduced in
1933?
You should be able to:
Describe Roosevelt's inauguration and the 'Hundred
Days'.
Describe the New Deal legislation, the 'alphabetic agencies' and their work, and the economic and social changes they caused.
How far did the character of the
New Deal change after 1933?
As above
Why did the New
Deal encounter opposition? Describe the opposition to the New Deal: the
Republicans, the rich, business interests, the Supreme
Court, radical critics like Huey Long.
Why did unemployment persist despite the New Deal?
Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the New
Deal programme in dealing with unemployment and the
Depression
Did the fact that the New Deal did not solve unemployment mean that it was a failure?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study D: China, 1945-c.1990
1.1 Why did
China become a Communist state in 1949?
Topic outline
How far did the
Second World
War weaken the
Nationalist
government?
You should be able to:
Describe the aftermath of the Second World War in
China: the outbreak of Civil War, reasons for the victory of the Communists, the establishment of the People's
Republic, 1949 and the nature of Chinese Communism.
How far did the
Second World
War strengthen the Communists?
As above
Why was there widespread support for the
Communists
amongst the peasants? As above
Why did the
Communists win the Civil War?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study D: China, 1945-c.1990
1.2 How far had Communist rule changed
China by the mid-1960s? Topic outline
What changes in agriculture did
Communist rule bring? You should be able to:
Describe Communist rule in the 1950s and 1960s: agrarian reform from 1950, people's courts and the treatment of the landlords, establishment of collectives and communes.
What was the impact of the
Communists' social reforms? Describe social change: the role of women, health, education, propaganda and the destruction of traditional culture.
How successful were the Five-Year
Plans in increasing production? Describe industrial developments: the Five-Year Plans and the
Great Leap Forward.
Did the Chinese people benefit from
Communist rule?
Describe social change: the role of women, health, education, propaganda and the destruction of traditional culture.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study D: China, 1945-c.1990
1.3 What was the impact of
Communist
rule on
China's
relations with other countries?
Topic outline
What have been
China's changing relationships with neighbouring states?
You should be able to:
Describe Chinese foreign policy: changing relationship with the
USSR; relations with other neighbouring countries, Tibet, India,
Vietnam, Taiwan and Hong Kong.
Why did China try to improve relations with the
USA after 1970?
Describe the establishment of closer relations with the USA from 1970.
How far was
China
established as a superpower by the time of Mao's death? Describe Chinese foreign policy: changing relationship with the
USSR; relations with other neighbouring countries, Tibet, India,
Vietnam, Taiwan and Hong Kong.
How far have
China's relations with other countries improved since
Mao's death?
Describe the impact on China's relations with the rest of the world of economic liberalisation since Mao's death.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study D: China, 1945-c.1990
1.4 Has
Communism
produced a cruel dictatorship in
China?
Topic outline
Why did Mao launch the Cultural
Revolution?
You should be able to:
Describe the Communist Party dictatorship: repression of political opposition, the Hundred
Flowers campaign, treatment of minority groups
What was the impact of the Cultural Revolution on China?
Describe the Cultural Revolution, the role and status of Mao
Did the death of Mao lead to improvements in the lives of Chinese people? Describe the power struggle after Mao's death and the re-emergence of Deng
How far did economic development in the
1980s also produce social and political change? Describe the social and political consequences of economic change in the 1980s and 90s.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study E: Southern Africa in the Twentieth Century
1.1 Why did whites in
South Africa have disputes among themselves,
c.1880-1910?
Topic outline
How did the discovery of gold heighten tensions between the
British and the
Boers?
You should be able to:
Describe British relations with the Boer states: annexation of Transvaal, the war of 1880-1 and its results, growth of Afrikaner nationalism, the discovery of gold and the rise of the mining industry, African migrant labour, railway rivalries
What were the roles played by individuals such as Kruger and
Rhodes?
Describe the roles of Kruger and Rhodes
What was the impact of conflict and competition between the
British and the
Boers on the
African peoples of South Africa?
Describe British annexations in South Africa and their impact on Africans.
Why did war break out in
1899, and with what results to
1910?
Describe the causes, course and consequences of the
Second Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902 and the formation of the Union of South Africa.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study E: Southern Africa in the Twentieth Century
1.2 How successful was white rule in South
Africa, 191048?
Topic outline
How successfully did the South
African economy develop to 1948?
You should be able to:
Describe the development of South Africa under white rule, 1910-48.
What was the nature of white rule in South
Africa?
Describe the commercialisation of farming and the land issue: e.g. the Land Settlement Act (1912), the Natives
Land Act (1913), the Natives Trust and Land Act (1936).
Describe developments in the mining industry: working conditions, labour disputes, the Gold Boom and its effects. Describe state involvement in the economy and
Industrialisation and urbanisation.
What was the impact of white rule on Africans?
Describe the discriminatory and segregationist policies of white rule in the inter-war period.
How effectively did Africans organise themselves against the effects of white rule? Describe the development of African nationalism and black trade unions and political issues dividing the white minority. Checklist
Comments
Depth Study E: Southern Africa in the Twentieth Century
1.3 What was the nature of the apartheid state? Topic outline
Why did the
National Party win the election of 1948?
You should be able to:
Describe the impact of the Second World War on South
Africa together with the 1948 election and the victory of the National Party.
How was the apartheid system established? Describe the apartheid system: the apartheid laws
What impact did apartheid have on the peoples of
South Africa?
Describe the impact of apartheid on the people of South
Africa
How effective was government repression of opposition to apartheid? Describe the enforcement of apartheid, repression e.g.
Sharpeville.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study E: Southern Africa in the Twentieth Century
1.4 Why did white minority rule come to an end?
Topic outline
Did anyone benefit from apartheid? You should be able to:
Describe the opposition to white minority rule
Why did opposition to apartheid increase?
Describe the campaigns of the African nationalist organisations, the roles of leaders such as Biko and
Mandela in organising resistance
How important were external factors in ending apartheid? Describe the collapse of apartheid, factors leading to abandonment of minority rule: increasing international condemnation of apartheid
How significant were the roles of
Mandela and De
Klerk in ending minority rule?
Describe the collapse of apartheid, factors leading to abandonment of minority rule, the roles of De Klerk and
Mandela in the transfer of power, establishment of majority rule.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study E: Southern Africa in the Twentieth Century
1.5 How did
Namibia
achieve its independence from colonial rule? Topic outline
How was
Namibia
colonised?
You should be able to:
Describe the colonisation of Namibia: the establishment of German colonial rule, the nature of German colonialism and resistance to it.
What was the impact of colonial rule on the peoples of
Namibia?
Describe South African occupation of Namibia from
1915: the nature of South African rule and its effects on the Namibian people. The working of the League of
Nations
mandate.
Why did South
Africa resist independence for
Namibia?
As above
How important were SWAPO and the United
Nations
Organisation in achieving independence for
Namibia?
Describe the United Nations and Namibia: the apartheid system in Namibia, and the development of resistance to South African rule. SWAPO, the liberation struggle and the achievement of independence.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study F: Israelis and Palestinians, 1945-c.1994
1.1 How was the Jewish state of Israel established? Topic outline
What was the significance for
Palestine of the end of the
Second World
War?
You should be able to:
Describe the Arab and Jewish peoples of Palestine: different cultures, races, languages.
What were the causes of conflict between Jews and Arabs in
Palestine?
As above
Why did the
Arabs reject UNO plans to partition
Palestine?
As above
Why was Israel able to win the war of 1948-9?
Describe the declaration of the state of Israel and the war of 1948-9
Describe the aftermath of the Second World War:
Jewish immigration, Jewish nationalism and the ending of the British mandate
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study F: Israelis and Palestinians, 1945-c.1994
1.2 How was
Israel able to survive despite the hostility of its
Arab
neighbours?
Topic outline
Why was Israel able to win the wars of 1956,
1967 and 1973?
You should be able to:
Describe Israel and its Arab Neighbours: the Suez War
(1956), the Six-Day War (1967), the Yom Kippur War
(1973), and Israeli incursions into Lebanon.
How significant was superpower involvement in
Arab-Israeli
conflicts?
Describe the moves towards peace: Camp David and subsequent negotiations
Why have Israel's neighbours become more ready to accept her existence?
As above
By the 1990s, how far had the problems which existed between
Israel and her neighbours been solved? As above
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study F: Israelis and Palestinians, 1945-c.1994
1.3 What has been the impact on the
Palestinians
of the existence of
Israel?
Topic outline
Why were so many Palestinians refugees? You should be able to:
Describe the Palestinians and the refugee problem
How effective has the PLO been in promoting the
Palestinian
cause?
Describe Palestinian nationalism and the formation of the PLO, activities of the PLO, and international acceptance; the role of Arafat
Why have Arab states not always supported the
Palestinians?
Describe relations between the PLO and Arab states
How have international perceptions of the Palestinian cause changed over time?
Describe relations with Israel and moves towards the creation of a Palestinian state.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study F: Israelis and Palestinians, 1945-c.1994
1.4 What has been the effect of the
Arab-Israeli
conflict on life in Israel?
Topic outline
How has the hostility of her
Arab neighbours influenced the lives of the people of Israel?
You should be able to:
Describe the state of Israel: social organisation, the experiences of men and women in national service, the kibbutz. What has been the political significance of
Judaism within
Israel?
As above
What differences have existed amongst Israelis about how to treat the
Palestinians?
Describe problems of new Jewish settlements and the differing viewpoints amongst Israelis on dealing with
Arab neighbours.
Have
Palestinians
within Israel and the occupied territories been more or less fortunate than
Palestinians in exile? As above
Describe relations between Jews and Arabs within Israel and the occupied territories.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study G: The Creation of Modern Industrial Society
1.1 Why did industry develop rapidly during the nineteenth century? Topic outline
Why was there increasing demand for iron and steel, coal and textiles, and how was this demand met?
You should be able to:
Describe the reasons for increasing demand, e.g. population, price, improvements in transport etc.
How important were technological developments in the development of industry?
Describe the impact of technological developments on organisation, location and methods of industry.
How were workers affected by the industrial changes and the development of the factory system? Describe the development of the factory system and working conditions.
How important were a) individuals, and
b) legislation, in improving working conditions? Describe the roles of individuals and legislation in improving working conditions.
Describe workers' responses to changes in working practices and attitudes of factory owners to their workers. Checklist
Comments
Depth Study G: The Creation of Modern Industrial Society
1.2 How significant were improvements to transport in the nineteenth century? Topic outline
What were the disadvantages of roads and canals for Britain's transport needs in the early 19th century? You should be able to:
Describe the growth of industrialisation and the need for improved transport: the shortcomings of road and canal transport. Why and how did
Britain develop a railway system?
Describe the problems in developing a railway network and the work of the Stephensons and Brunel.
Describe the roles of government and private finance in creating a national railway system.
How did conditions for passengers improve during the 19th century?
Describe the improvements in comfort and safety for railway passengers in the second half of the
19th century.
How significant were the social and economic consequences of the railways?
Describe the effects of the growth of railways on canal and road transport, industry and agriculture, and different social groups.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study G: The Creation of Modern Industrial Society
1.3 What were the causes of urbanisation, and its effects on living conditions during the nineteenth century?
Topic outline
Why was there a rapid growth of towns in the 19th century? You should be able to:
Describe the changes of centres of population in different areas of Britain and the reasons for the growth of towns.
Why did the rapid growth of towns lead to insanitary conditions? Describe the reasons for insanitary conditions.
Why did it take so long to improve conditions in the towns? Describe government and local attitudes to insanitary conditions. Why had there been some improvement in conditions by
1900?
Describe the attempts at improvement: the Public Health
Acts of 1848 and 1875, slum clearance, Chamberlain in
Birmingham, model towns.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study G: The Creation of Modern Industrial Society
1.4 How successful were nineteenthcentury working-class movements? Topic outline
What attempts were made to organise the working classes?
You should be able to:
Describe working people and industrialisation: early combinations, trade clubs, friendly societies. Describe the role of Owen and the GNCTU, the Cooperative Movement, the Chartists and the growth of
New Model Unions
Why were working-class movements generally weak in the first half of the 19th century?
Describe the effect of the Combination Acts and the
Tolpuddle Martyrs.
How successful were the courts and Parliament in limiting the power of the unions?
Describe the attitudes of government and employers towards trade unions, the impact of legislation and decisions of the courts.
How different was 'new unionism' from the New Model unions? Describe the growth of unions for unskilled workers: farm workers, the match girls and the London Dockers.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study H: The Impact of Western Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
1.1 Why did
Europeans
take over much of the world in the nineteenth century?
Topic outline
What had been the impact of imperialism by the start of the
19th century?
You should be able to:
Describe the extent of imperialism by the start of the
19th century, and how much it spread during the century. How did imperialism develop during the 19th century?
As above
What social, political, military, economic and religious factors encouraged imperialism?
Describe the nature of imperialism: social, political, military, economic and religious reasons for imperialism.
How was imperialism justified at the time? As above
Describe European attitudes towards imperialism, and towards non-European races.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study H: The Impact of Western Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
1.2 What was the nature and impact of nineteenthcentury imperialism in
China?
Topic outline
What was the nature of Chinese society in the early 19th century? You should be able to:
Describe Chinese society and attitudes towards foreigners before c.1840 and the causes and results of the Opium Wars.
How did Western countries extend their influence in
China in the 19th century? Describe the actions of the Western powers in China and the role of the missionaries.
How did the
Chinese react to
European
intervention?
Describe the Self-Strengthening Movement and the
Sino-Japanese war and its consequences for China.
How significant was the impact of
Western
intervention for
China?
Describe the impact of western intervention on Chinese society and culture.
Describe the significance of the Boxer rising
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study H: The Impact of Western Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
1.3 What was the nature and impact of nineteenthcentury imperialism in
India?
Topic outline
What was the nature of British rule before 1857?
You should be able to:
Describe Indian society, religions and culture under
British rule in the first half of the 19th century: the impact of Bentinck and Dalhousie
Why did rebellion against British rule occur in
1857, and why did it fail?
Describe the causes of the Mutiny of 1857 and the reasons for its failure
How much were
British attitudes and the nature of their rule changed by the events of 1857?
Describe the immediate and long-term effects of the
Mutiny
How much was nineteenthcentury India changed by
British rule?
Describe the changes in the nature of British rule in
India
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study H: The Impact of Western Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
1.4 What was the nature and impact of nineteenthcentury imperialism in
Africa?
Topic outline
Why was there a scramble for colonies in Africa in the 19th century? You should be able to:
Describe the different reasons for European interest in
Africa and the scramble for Africa and the Berlin
Conference.
What different methods of rule were used in
Africa by the
Europeans?
Describe direct and indirect rule by the British in Africa
How were
Africans affected by European rule? Describe the effects of European rule on Africans: the impact of Imperialism in Africa for Europeans; colonial rivalry and trade.
[Note: examination questions on this Depth Study will not refer to specific African countries, but you will be expected to refer to relevant examples in your answers.]
Did Europeans benefit from their colonies in
Africa?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Section 4: Appendices
Examiner command words
Ensure that you know the meaning (and differences) of the following words that you will encounter in your examinations:
Word
Meaning
DESCRIBE
…………………………………………………………..
EXPLAIN
…………………………………………………………..
WHAT
…………………………………………………………..
HOW FAR
…………………………………………………………..
RELIABLE
…………………………………………………………..
USEFUL
…………………………………………………………..
History 0470
Guide for Students
Revision Checklist for IGCSE History 0470
A Guide for Students
How to use this guide
The guide describes what you need to know about your IGCSE History examination. It will help you to plan your revision programme for the examination and will explain what the examiners are looking for in the answers you write. It can also be used to help you to revise by using the tick boxes in Section 3, ‘What you should be able to’ to check what you know and which topic areas of History you have covered.
The guide contains the following sections:
Section 1 - How will you be tested?
This section will give you information on the different examination papers that are available.
Section 2 - What will you be tested on?
This section describes the areas of knowledge, understanding and skills that the examiners will test you on.
Section 3 - What you should know
This shows the syllabus content in a simple way so that you can check:
• which topics you need to know
• details about each topic in the syllabus
• how much of the syllabus you have covered
Section 4: Appendices
This section covers other things you need to know such as:
• useful web sites
• important command words that Examiners use in the examination Papers
Not all the information will be relevant to you. You will have to select what you need to cover in
Sections (1) and (3) by finding out from your teacher whether you are doing Coursework or the alternative Paper to coursework.
Section 1 - How will you be tested?
1.1 About the examinations you will take
You will sit three Papers: i.e. Paper 1 and Paper 2, and either Paper 3 (coursework) or Paper 4
(alternative to coursework).
Your teacher will be able to tell you whether you are doing coursework (Paper 3) or taking Paper
4.
If you are doing coursework, you will complete two assignments and just take Paper 1 and Paper
2 in the examination. However, if you are not doing coursework, you will take three Papers in the examination, i.e. Paper1, Paper 2 and Paper 4.
1.2 About the written Papers
The table below gives you information about the written Papers
How long and how many marks?
What’s in the paper?
Paper 1
2 hours (60 marks)
You must answer a total of three questions, two from Section A and one from
Section B.
40%
Paper 2
2 hours (50 marks)
You must answer all of the questions from either the
Nineteenth or Twentieth Century option. 33%
Paper number What’s the % of the total marks?
Here is some more detail about each of the Papers:
(i) Paper 1
You have to answer three of the questions available, so take your time to choose your questions carefully at the start of the examination.
There will be two Sections – A and B.
Section A (Core Content) will contain eight questions, four on the 19th century Core and four on the 20th century Core. You must answer any two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies) will contain two questions on each of the Depth Studies. You must answer one question.
[Note: three questions will be set on Depth Study E, Southern Africa].
Each question on Paper 1 will have three parts and will be based on stimulus material which will help your understanding of the questions but you do not have to use the source in your answer.
The stimulus material may be a photograph, cartoon, written information, sketch map, diagram, graph table of information etc.
You will be tested on your understanding of both the Core Content and Depth Study by showing in your answer the selection of relevant knowledge and your ability to write your response in an appropriate manner.
(ii) Paper 2
This paper will have two options: a 19th-century topic and a 20th-century topic. Candidates answer the questions on one option.
The topics will be prescribed by the Examination Board (CIE) each year and will be taken from the Core Content. Each option will include a collection of source material relating to the prescribed topic, and a series of questions based on the material.
For the examination in 2009 the topics will be:
19th century core: The modernisation of Japan (May/June examination) OR
The causes of the First World War (November examination)
20th century core: German involvement in the Spanish Civil War (May/June 2009 examination)
OR the decline and collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe (November 2009 examination)
1.3 About the coursework/alternative written paper
The remaining examinations for IGCSE History are either in the form of coursework or another written paper, Paper 3 (two coursework assignments written in your own time) or the alternative to coursework, Paper 4, which tests the same skills and knowledge as Papers 1 and 2 in a timed written examination. Your teacher will be able to tell you which Paper you will be entered for.
Paper number Paper 3
How long and how many marks?
No fixed time
(40 marks)
Paper 4
1 hour
(40 marks)
What’s involved?
You will complete two coursework assignments of about 1500 words in total.
Your teacher will design each assignment which will be based on any one or two of the Depth Studies you have been taught.
You will answer one question only based upon one of the Depth Studies you have been taught.
What’s the % of the total marks
27%
(you do either
Paper 3 or
Paper 4)
27%
(you do either Paper
3 or
Paper 4)
Here is some more detail about these Papers:
(i) Paper 3 (coursework)
You will carry out two assignments during your History course, which will be assessed by your teacher. One piece of work must target Objectives 1/2, and the other must target Objective 3 (see
Section 2 below). Each assignment will be worth up to 20 marks.
(ii) Paper 4 (alternative to coursework Paper)
In this written paper you will answer one question on one of the Depth Studies. Each question has a part (a) and a part (b). Questions set in part (a) are designed to test your ability to use source evaluation as in Paper 2 and questions set in part (b) are based on your ability to recall knowledge of the subject content being questioned as in Paper 1.
Section 2 - What will you be tested on?
The examiners take account of the following skill areas in your examination Papers:
• knowledge (what you remember, select and use)
• understanding of some key concepts
• evaluation of sources
These skills are called assessment objectives. They are explained in the table below. Your teacher will be able to give you more information about how each of these is tested in the examination Papers.
Assessment
objective
What the objective means What you need to be able to do
1:
Recall of
Knowledge
Remembering and selecting relevant facts and applying these appropriately in your answers Demonstrating an understanding of key historical ideas and the reasons why people made decisions in the past Understanding and assessing the meaning of sources and using them as evidence of how people in the past made judgements and acted the way they did.
recall, select, organise and deploy knowledge of the syllabus content
2:
Understanding
historical concepts 3:
Evaluation of sources demonstrate an understanding of:
(a) change and continuity, cause and consequence, similarity and difference;
(b) the motives, emotions, intentions and beliefs of people in the past. comprehend, interpret, evaluate and use a range of sources as evidence in their historical context.
Section 3 - What you need to know
The tables below describe the topics you may be tested on in the examination. It is arranged in two Options (19th and 20th Century) and eight Depth Studies with several topic areas within each
Option or Depth Study. Each topic area is divided up into sections, which contain the detail that you need to know.
How to use the tables
You can use the tables throughout your course to check the topic areas you have covered. You can also use it as a revision aid. When you think you have a good knowledge of a topic, you can tick the appropriate box in the checklist column.
Test yourself as follows:
• cover up the details with a piece of paper
• try to remember the details using the prompts
• when you have remembered the details correctly, put a tick in the appropriate box. If you use a pencil to tick the boxes, you can retest yourself whenever you want by simply rubbing out the ticks. If you are using the table as a checklist of which topics you have covered, you can put a tick in the topic column next to the appropriate point.
The column headed ‘Comments’ can be used to:
• add further information about the details for each bullet point
• note relevant page numbers from your text book
• add learning aids e.g. BIG THREE AT VERSAILLES (Lloyd George, Clemenceau and
Wilson), ENABLING ACT (summary of details)
• highlight areas of difficulty/ things which you need to ask your teacher about.
Option A: 19th century, The Development of Modern Nation States, 1848-1914
1.1 Were the
Revolutions of
1848
important?
Topic outline
You should be able to:
Why were there so many revolutions in
1848?
Describe the nature of revolutions in 1848 and the influence of liberalism and nationalism.
Did the revolutions have anything in common? Why did most of the revolutions fail? 1.2 How was
Italy unified?
Did the revolutions change anything?
Why was Italy not unified in 18481850?
Checklist
Describe the causes and events of revolutions in
France, Italy, Germany and the Austrian Empire.
As above
Describe the reasons for the failure of the revolutions.
As above
Describe Austrian influence over nationalism and the role of Mazzini.
Italy,
Italian
How important was Garibaldi's contribution to unifying Italy?
Describe the work of Garibaldi and the invasion of Sicily and Naples and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy and the completion of unification by 1870.
Did Cavour help or hinder the unification of
Italy?
How important for other European countries were moves towards
Italian
unification?
Outline the events of 1848-9 and the work of Victor
Emmanuel II and Cavour, Plombieres and the war with
Austria in 1859.
As above
Comments
Option A: 19th century, The Development of Modern Nation States, 1848-1914
1.3 How was
Germany
unified?
Topic outline
Why was
Germany not unified in 184850?
You should be able to:
Describe the nature of German nationalism, the work of the Zollverein, the 1848 revolution in Prussia and the setting up and eventual failure of the Frankfurt
Parliament. Outline the re-establishment of Austrian influence in Germany by 1850.
How did
Bismarck bring about Austria's defeat of 1866?
Describe the work of Bismarck as Prussian MinisterPresident, his foreign policy to 1871 including
Schleswig-Holstein, the Austro-Prussian War and its consequences. How did
Bismarck bring about France's defeat of 1870?
As above
How far was
Bismarck
responsible for the unification of
Germany?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Option A: 19th century, The Development of Modern Nation States, 1848-1914
1.4 Why was there a civil war in the
United States?
Topic outline
How far did slavery cause the
Civil War?
What was the significance of
Lincoln's election as President?
Why was the
North able to win the war?
Did the war change anything?
1.5 How effectively had
Japan
modernised itself by 1914?
You should be able to:
Describe the causes and consequences of the American
Civil War, 1820-77: differences between North and
South; slavery, slave states and free states; abolitionism; the 1860 election and secession of the
Southern states;
Describe the reasons for the North's victory, the role of
Lincoln; reconstruction. (Coverage of the events of the war is not required except insofar as they help to explain the North's victory.)
As above
Checklist
Comments
Checklist
Comments
As above
Topic outline
What was the impact of Perry's missions on
Japan?
Why did the Meiji
Restoration
occur?
You should be able to:
Describe Perry's missions and the unequal treaties.
Japan's relations with her neighbours to 1914.
How westernised was Japan by
1914?
Was Japan a
Great Power by
1914?
As above
Describe the Meiji Restoration and modernisation.
As above
Option A: 19th century, The Development of Modern Nation States, 1848-1914
1.6 What caused the
First World
War?
Did the Alliance
System make war more likely or less likely?
How far did colonial problems create tensions between the
Great Powers?
Why were problems in the
Balkans so difficult for the
Great Powers to solve? How did the assassination of
Franz Ferdinand lead to war?
Describe the origins of the First World War, 1890-1914 and the Alliance System
Outline the colonial rivalries that existed at the time
Outline the developments in the Balkans between 1890 and 1914 which led to tension in the area
Describe the crisis of June-July 1914 and the outbreak of war.
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.1 Were the
Peace Treaties of 1919-23 fair? Topic outline
What were the motives and aims of the Big Three at Versailles?
You should be able to:
Describe the peace treaties of 1919-23: the roles of individuals such as Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd
George in the peacemaking process
Why did all the victors not get everything they wanted? As above
What was the impact of the peace treaty on
Germany up to
1923?
Describe the impact of the treaties on the defeated countries Could the treaties be justified at the time? Describe contemporary opinions about the treaties.
Checklist
Comments
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.2 To what extent was the
League of
Nations a success? Topic outline
How successful was the League in the 1920s?
How far did weaknesses in the League's organisation make failure inevitable? You should be able to:
Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the League of Nations, including its structure and organisation, successes and failures in peacekeeping during the
1920s
As above
How far did the
Depression make the work of the
League more difficult? Describe the impact of the World Depression on the work of the League after 1929
How successful was the League in the 1930s?
Describe the failures of the League in the 1930s, including Manchuria and Abyssinia.
Checklist
Comments
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.3 Why had international peace collapsed by
1939?
Topic outline
What were the long-term consequences of the peace treaties of 191923?
You should be able to:
Describe the collapse of international order in the 1930s: the increasing militarism of Germany, Italy and Japan;
What were the consequences of the failures of the
League in the
1930s?
As above
How far was
Hitler's
foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in 1939?
Describe Hitler's foreign policy to 1939: the Saar, remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Anschluss with Austria, appeasement, crises over Czechoslovakia and Poland, the outbreak of war.
Was the policy of appeasement justified?
As above
How important was the NaziSoviet Pact?
Why did Britain and France declare war on
Germany in
September
1939?
As above
As above
Checklist
Comments
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.4 Who was to blame for the Cold War?
Topic outline
You should be able to:
Why did the
USA-USSR
alliance begin to break down in
1945?
Describe the origins of the Cold War: the 1945 summit conferences and the breakdown of the USA-USSR alliance in 1945-6;
How had the
USSR gained control of Eastern
Europe by 1948?
Describe Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe to 1948, and American reactions to it
How did the USA react to Soviet expansionism? As above
What were the consequences of the Berlin
Blockade?
Describe the occupation of Germany and the Berlin
Blockade.
Who was the more to blame for starting the Cold
War, the USA or the USSR?
All the above
Checklist
Comments
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.5 How effectively did the USA contain the spread of
Communism?
1.6 How secure was the USSR's control over
Eastern
Europe, 1948c.1989?
Topic outline
You should be able to:
America and events in Cuba,
1959-62 and
Vietnam.
Describe events of the Cold War: case studies of
American reactions to the Cuban revolution, including the missile crisis and its aftermath.
Describe American involvement in the Vietnam War.
Why was there opposition to
Soviet control in
Hungary in 1956,
Czechoslovakia
in 1968, and how did the USSR react to this opposition? How similar were events in
Hungary in 1956 and in
Czechoslovakia
in 1968?
Why was the
Berlin Wall built in 1961?
What was the significance of
'Solidarity' in
Poland for the decline of Soviet influence in
Eastern Europe?
Describe Soviet power in Eastern Europe: resistance to
Soviet power in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia
(1968)
As above
Describe the background to the building of the Berlin
Wall
Describe the 'Solidarity' Movement in Poland
Checklist
Comments
How far was
Gorbachev
personally responsible for the collapse of
Soviet control over Eastern
Europe?
Describe the work of Gorbachev and the collapse of the
Soviet Empire.
Option B: The 20th century, International Relations since 1919
1.7 How effective has the United
Nations
Organisation been? Topic outline
You should be able to:
What are the functions of the
UNO?
Describe the aims of the UNO, the organisation of the
UNO, its agencies and their work.
How far has the organisation of the UNO hindered its effectiveness? Case studies of the UNO in action: the
Korean War and the Congo.
Describe the implications of the growth of membership: admission of developing nations and China.
Describe the work of the UNO in Korea (1950-3) and in the Congo (1960-3).
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study A: Germany, 1918-45
1.1 Was the
Weimar
Republic doomed from the start?
Topic outline
How did
Germany emerge from defeat at the end of the First
World War?
You should be able to:
Describe the Revolution of 1918 and the establishment of the Republic.
What was the impact of the
Treaty of
Versailles on the
Republic?
Describe the reactions to it.
To what extent did the Republic recover after
1923?
Describe the Weimar constitution, main political divisions and the role of the army.
Describe the political disorder, 1919-23; economic crises and hyper-inflation and the occupation of the
Ruhr.
What were the achievements of the Weimar period? Describe the achievements of the Stresemann era and the cultural achievements of the Weimar period.
Versailles
settlement
and
German
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study A: Germany, 1918-45
1.2 Why was
Hitler able to dominate Germany by
1934?
Topic outline
What did the Nazi
Party stand for in the 1920s?
You should be able to:
Describe the early years of the Nazi Party: Nazi ideas and methods, the Munich Putsch, the roles of Hitler and other Nazi leaders.
Why did the
Nazis have little success before
1930?
As above
Why was Hitler able to become
Chancellor by
1933?
Describe the impact of the Depression on Germany: political, economic and social crisis of 1930-3, reasons for the Nazis' rise to power,
How did Hitler consolidate his power in 1933-4?
Describe how Hitler takes power, the Reichstag Fire and the election of 1933.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study A: Germany, 1918-45
1.3 (a) The
Nazi regime: how effectively did the Nazis control Germany,
1933-45?
Topic outline
How much opposition was there to the Nazi regime? You should be able to:
Describe Nazi rule in Germany: the Enabling Act, the
Night of the Long Knives, the death of Hindenburg, removal of opposition, methods of control and repression, use of culture and the mass media.
Describe Germany’s economic policy including rearmament. How effectively did the Nazis deal with their political opponents?
As above
How did the
Nazis use culture and the mass media to control the people?
As above
Why did the
Nazis persecute many groups in
German society?
As above
Was Nazi
Germany a totalitarian state?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study A: Germany, 1918-45
1.3 (b) The
Nazi regime: what was it like to live in
Nazi
Germany?
Topic outline
How did young people react to the Nazi regime?
You should be able to:
Describe the different experiences of Nazi rule: women and young people, anti-Semitism, persecution of minorities. How successful were Nazi policies towards women and the family? As above
Did most people in Germany benefit from Nazi rule? As above
How did the coming of war change life in
Nazi Germany?
Describe the impact of the Second World War on
Germany: conversion to war economy, the Final
Solution and the opposition to Nazi rule.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study B: Russia, 1905-41
1.1 Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in
1917?
Topic outline
How well did the
Tsarist regime deal with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914?
You should be able to:
Describe the main features of Tsarist rule and Russian society before the First World War:
How did the Tsar survive the 1905 revolution? Describe the 1905 revolution and its aftermath, and attempts at reform.
How far was the
Tsar weakened by the First World
War?
Describe the impact of the First World War on the
Russian people.
Why was the revolution of
March 1917 successful? Describe the reasons for the successes of the March revolution of 1917.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study B: Russia, 1905-41
1.2 How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?
Topic outline
How effectively did the
Provisional
Government rule
Russia in 1917?
You should be able to:
Describe the Provisional Government, the Soviets and the growing power of revolutionary groups.
Why were the
Bolsheviks able to seize power in
November 1917?
Describe the reasons for the failure of the Provisional
Government.
Describe the Bolshevik seizure of power and the role of
Lenin.
Why did the
Bolsheviks win the Civil War?
Describe the main features of Bolshevik rule, the Civil
War, War Communism and the reasons for the
Bolshevik victory.
How far was the
New Economic
Policy a success? Describe the Kronstadt Rising and the establishment of the New Economic Policy.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study B: Russia, 1905-41
1.3 How did
Stalin gain and hold on to power? Topic outline
Why did Stalin, and not Trotsky, emerge as
Lenin's
successor?
You should be able to:
Describe the circumstances of Lenin's death and the struggle for power: reasons for Stalin's emergence as leader by 1928.
Why did Stalin launch the
Purges?
Describe Stalin's dictatorship: use of terror, the Purges, propaganda and official culture.
What methods did Stalin use to control the Soviet
Union?
As above
How complete was Stalin's control over the
Soviet Union by
1941?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study B: Russia, 1905-41
1.4 What was the impact of
Stalin's
economic policies? Topic outline
Why did Stalin introduce the
Five-Year Plans?
You should be able to:
Describe Stalin's economic policies and their impact: the modernisation of Soviet industry, the Five-Year Plans, collectivisation in agriculture.
Why did Stalin introduce collectivisation?
As above
How successful were Stalin's economic changes?
As above
How were the
Soviet people affected by these changes? Describe life in the Soviet Union: the differing experiences of social groups, ethnic minorities and women. Checklist
Comments
Depth Study C: The USA, 1919-41
1.1 How far did the US economy boom in the
1920s?
Topic outline
On what factors was the economic boom based? You should be able to:
Describe the expansion of the US economy during the
1920s
Why did some industries prosper while others did not?
Describe mass production in the car and consumer durables industries, the fortunes of older industries, the development of credit and hire purchase
Why did agriculture not share in the prosperity? Describe the decline of agriculture during the 1920s.
Did all Americans benefit from the boom? Describe the weaknesses in the economy by the late
1920s.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study C: The USA, 1919-41
1.2 How far did US society change in the
1920s?
Topic outline
What were the
‘Roaring 20s’?
You should be able to:
Describe society in the 1920s: the 'Roaring Twenties', film and other media, prohibition and gangsterism, race relations, discrimination against black Americans, the Ku
Klux Klan
How widespread was intolerance in US society?
As above
Why was prohibition introduced, and then later repealed? As above
How far did the roles of women change during the 1920s?
Describe the changing roles of women in the 1920s.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study C: The USA, 1919-41
1.3 What were the causes and consequences of the Wall
Street Crash?
Topic outline
How far was speculation responsible for the Wall Street
Crash?
You should be able to:
Describe the Wall Street Crash and its financial, economic and social effects. What was the reaction of
President Hoover to the Crash?
What impact did the Crash have on the economy?
As above
What were the social consequences of the Crash?
As above
Why did
Roosevelt win the election of 1932?
The Presidential election of 1932: Hoover's and
Roosevelt's programmes.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study C: The USA, 1919-41
1.4 How successful was the New
Deal?
Topic outline
What was the
New Deal as introduced in
1933?
You should be able to:
Describe Roosevelt's inauguration and the 'Hundred
Days'.
Describe the New Deal legislation, the 'alphabetic agencies' and their work, and the economic and social changes they caused.
How far did the character of the
New Deal change after 1933?
As above
Why did the New
Deal encounter opposition? Describe the opposition to the New Deal: the
Republicans, the rich, business interests, the Supreme
Court, radical critics like Huey Long.
Why did unemployment persist despite the New Deal?
Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the New
Deal programme in dealing with unemployment and the
Depression
Did the fact that the New Deal did not solve unemployment mean that it was a failure?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study D: China, 1945-c.1990
1.1 Why did
China become a Communist state in 1949?
Topic outline
How far did the
Second World
War weaken the
Nationalist
government?
You should be able to:
Describe the aftermath of the Second World War in
China: the outbreak of Civil War, reasons for the victory of the Communists, the establishment of the People's
Republic, 1949 and the nature of Chinese Communism.
How far did the
Second World
War strengthen the Communists?
As above
Why was there widespread support for the
Communists
amongst the peasants? As above
Why did the
Communists win the Civil War?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study D: China, 1945-c.1990
1.2 How far had Communist rule changed
China by the mid-1960s? Topic outline
What changes in agriculture did
Communist rule bring? You should be able to:
Describe Communist rule in the 1950s and 1960s: agrarian reform from 1950, people's courts and the treatment of the landlords, establishment of collectives and communes.
What was the impact of the
Communists' social reforms? Describe social change: the role of women, health, education, propaganda and the destruction of traditional culture.
How successful were the Five-Year
Plans in increasing production? Describe industrial developments: the Five-Year Plans and the
Great Leap Forward.
Did the Chinese people benefit from
Communist rule?
Describe social change: the role of women, health, education, propaganda and the destruction of traditional culture.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study D: China, 1945-c.1990
1.3 What was the impact of
Communist
rule on
China's
relations with other countries?
Topic outline
What have been
China's changing relationships with neighbouring states?
You should be able to:
Describe Chinese foreign policy: changing relationship with the
USSR; relations with other neighbouring countries, Tibet, India,
Vietnam, Taiwan and Hong Kong.
Why did China try to improve relations with the
USA after 1970?
Describe the establishment of closer relations with the USA from 1970.
How far was
China
established as a superpower by the time of Mao's death? Describe Chinese foreign policy: changing relationship with the
USSR; relations with other neighbouring countries, Tibet, India,
Vietnam, Taiwan and Hong Kong.
How far have
China's relations with other countries improved since
Mao's death?
Describe the impact on China's relations with the rest of the world of economic liberalisation since Mao's death.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study D: China, 1945-c.1990
1.4 Has
Communism
produced a cruel dictatorship in
China?
Topic outline
Why did Mao launch the Cultural
Revolution?
You should be able to:
Describe the Communist Party dictatorship: repression of political opposition, the Hundred
Flowers campaign, treatment of minority groups
What was the impact of the Cultural Revolution on China?
Describe the Cultural Revolution, the role and status of Mao
Did the death of Mao lead to improvements in the lives of Chinese people? Describe the power struggle after Mao's death and the re-emergence of Deng
How far did economic development in the
1980s also produce social and political change? Describe the social and political consequences of economic change in the 1980s and 90s.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study E: Southern Africa in the Twentieth Century
1.1 Why did whites in
South Africa have disputes among themselves,
c.1880-1910?
Topic outline
How did the discovery of gold heighten tensions between the
British and the
Boers?
You should be able to:
Describe British relations with the Boer states: annexation of Transvaal, the war of 1880-1 and its results, growth of Afrikaner nationalism, the discovery of gold and the rise of the mining industry, African migrant labour, railway rivalries
What were the roles played by individuals such as Kruger and
Rhodes?
Describe the roles of Kruger and Rhodes
What was the impact of conflict and competition between the
British and the
Boers on the
African peoples of South Africa?
Describe British annexations in South Africa and their impact on Africans.
Why did war break out in
1899, and with what results to
1910?
Describe the causes, course and consequences of the
Second Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902 and the formation of the Union of South Africa.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study E: Southern Africa in the Twentieth Century
1.2 How successful was white rule in South
Africa, 191048?
Topic outline
How successfully did the South
African economy develop to 1948?
You should be able to:
Describe the development of South Africa under white rule, 1910-48.
What was the nature of white rule in South
Africa?
Describe the commercialisation of farming and the land issue: e.g. the Land Settlement Act (1912), the Natives
Land Act (1913), the Natives Trust and Land Act (1936).
Describe developments in the mining industry: working conditions, labour disputes, the Gold Boom and its effects. Describe state involvement in the economy and
Industrialisation and urbanisation.
What was the impact of white rule on Africans?
Describe the discriminatory and segregationist policies of white rule in the inter-war period.
How effectively did Africans organise themselves against the effects of white rule? Describe the development of African nationalism and black trade unions and political issues dividing the white minority. Checklist
Comments
Depth Study E: Southern Africa in the Twentieth Century
1.3 What was the nature of the apartheid state? Topic outline
Why did the
National Party win the election of 1948?
You should be able to:
Describe the impact of the Second World War on South
Africa together with the 1948 election and the victory of the National Party.
How was the apartheid system established? Describe the apartheid system: the apartheid laws
What impact did apartheid have on the peoples of
South Africa?
Describe the impact of apartheid on the people of South
Africa
How effective was government repression of opposition to apartheid? Describe the enforcement of apartheid, repression e.g.
Sharpeville.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study E: Southern Africa in the Twentieth Century
1.4 Why did white minority rule come to an end?
Topic outline
Did anyone benefit from apartheid? You should be able to:
Describe the opposition to white minority rule
Why did opposition to apartheid increase?
Describe the campaigns of the African nationalist organisations, the roles of leaders such as Biko and
Mandela in organising resistance
How important were external factors in ending apartheid? Describe the collapse of apartheid, factors leading to abandonment of minority rule: increasing international condemnation of apartheid
How significant were the roles of
Mandela and De
Klerk in ending minority rule?
Describe the collapse of apartheid, factors leading to abandonment of minority rule, the roles of De Klerk and
Mandela in the transfer of power, establishment of majority rule.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study E: Southern Africa in the Twentieth Century
1.5 How did
Namibia
achieve its independence from colonial rule? Topic outline
How was
Namibia
colonised?
You should be able to:
Describe the colonisation of Namibia: the establishment of German colonial rule, the nature of German colonialism and resistance to it.
What was the impact of colonial rule on the peoples of
Namibia?
Describe South African occupation of Namibia from
1915: the nature of South African rule and its effects on the Namibian people. The working of the League of
Nations
mandate.
Why did South
Africa resist independence for
Namibia?
As above
How important were SWAPO and the United
Nations
Organisation in achieving independence for
Namibia?
Describe the United Nations and Namibia: the apartheid system in Namibia, and the development of resistance to South African rule. SWAPO, the liberation struggle and the achievement of independence.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study F: Israelis and Palestinians, 1945-c.1994
1.1 How was the Jewish state of Israel established? Topic outline
What was the significance for
Palestine of the end of the
Second World
War?
You should be able to:
Describe the Arab and Jewish peoples of Palestine: different cultures, races, languages.
What were the causes of conflict between Jews and Arabs in
Palestine?
As above
Why did the
Arabs reject UNO plans to partition
Palestine?
As above
Why was Israel able to win the war of 1948-9?
Describe the declaration of the state of Israel and the war of 1948-9
Describe the aftermath of the Second World War:
Jewish immigration, Jewish nationalism and the ending of the British mandate
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study F: Israelis and Palestinians, 1945-c.1994
1.2 How was
Israel able to survive despite the hostility of its
Arab
neighbours?
Topic outline
Why was Israel able to win the wars of 1956,
1967 and 1973?
You should be able to:
Describe Israel and its Arab Neighbours: the Suez War
(1956), the Six-Day War (1967), the Yom Kippur War
(1973), and Israeli incursions into Lebanon.
How significant was superpower involvement in
Arab-Israeli
conflicts?
Describe the moves towards peace: Camp David and subsequent negotiations
Why have Israel's neighbours become more ready to accept her existence?
As above
By the 1990s, how far had the problems which existed between
Israel and her neighbours been solved? As above
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study F: Israelis and Palestinians, 1945-c.1994
1.3 What has been the impact on the
Palestinians
of the existence of
Israel?
Topic outline
Why were so many Palestinians refugees? You should be able to:
Describe the Palestinians and the refugee problem
How effective has the PLO been in promoting the
Palestinian
cause?
Describe Palestinian nationalism and the formation of the PLO, activities of the PLO, and international acceptance; the role of Arafat
Why have Arab states not always supported the
Palestinians?
Describe relations between the PLO and Arab states
How have international perceptions of the Palestinian cause changed over time?
Describe relations with Israel and moves towards the creation of a Palestinian state.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study F: Israelis and Palestinians, 1945-c.1994
1.4 What has been the effect of the
Arab-Israeli
conflict on life in Israel?
Topic outline
How has the hostility of her
Arab neighbours influenced the lives of the people of Israel?
You should be able to:
Describe the state of Israel: social organisation, the experiences of men and women in national service, the kibbutz. What has been the political significance of
Judaism within
Israel?
As above
What differences have existed amongst Israelis about how to treat the
Palestinians?
Describe problems of new Jewish settlements and the differing viewpoints amongst Israelis on dealing with
Arab neighbours.
Have
Palestinians
within Israel and the occupied territories been more or less fortunate than
Palestinians in exile? As above
Describe relations between Jews and Arabs within Israel and the occupied territories.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study G: The Creation of Modern Industrial Society
1.1 Why did industry develop rapidly during the nineteenth century? Topic outline
Why was there increasing demand for iron and steel, coal and textiles, and how was this demand met?
You should be able to:
Describe the reasons for increasing demand, e.g. population, price, improvements in transport etc.
How important were technological developments in the development of industry?
Describe the impact of technological developments on organisation, location and methods of industry.
How were workers affected by the industrial changes and the development of the factory system? Describe the development of the factory system and working conditions.
How important were a) individuals, and
b) legislation, in improving working conditions? Describe the roles of individuals and legislation in improving working conditions.
Describe workers' responses to changes in working practices and attitudes of factory owners to their workers. Checklist
Comments
Depth Study G: The Creation of Modern Industrial Society
1.2 How significant were improvements to transport in the nineteenth century? Topic outline
What were the disadvantages of roads and canals for Britain's transport needs in the early 19th century? You should be able to:
Describe the growth of industrialisation and the need for improved transport: the shortcomings of road and canal transport. Why and how did
Britain develop a railway system?
Describe the problems in developing a railway network and the work of the Stephensons and Brunel.
Describe the roles of government and private finance in creating a national railway system.
How did conditions for passengers improve during the 19th century?
Describe the improvements in comfort and safety for railway passengers in the second half of the
19th century.
How significant were the social and economic consequences of the railways?
Describe the effects of the growth of railways on canal and road transport, industry and agriculture, and different social groups.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study G: The Creation of Modern Industrial Society
1.3 What were the causes of urbanisation, and its effects on living conditions during the nineteenth century?
Topic outline
Why was there a rapid growth of towns in the 19th century? You should be able to:
Describe the changes of centres of population in different areas of Britain and the reasons for the growth of towns.
Why did the rapid growth of towns lead to insanitary conditions? Describe the reasons for insanitary conditions.
Why did it take so long to improve conditions in the towns? Describe government and local attitudes to insanitary conditions. Why had there been some improvement in conditions by
1900?
Describe the attempts at improvement: the Public Health
Acts of 1848 and 1875, slum clearance, Chamberlain in
Birmingham, model towns.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study G: The Creation of Modern Industrial Society
1.4 How successful were nineteenthcentury working-class movements? Topic outline
What attempts were made to organise the working classes?
You should be able to:
Describe working people and industrialisation: early combinations, trade clubs, friendly societies. Describe the role of Owen and the GNCTU, the Cooperative Movement, the Chartists and the growth of
New Model Unions
Why were working-class movements generally weak in the first half of the 19th century?
Describe the effect of the Combination Acts and the
Tolpuddle Martyrs.
How successful were the courts and Parliament in limiting the power of the unions?
Describe the attitudes of government and employers towards trade unions, the impact of legislation and decisions of the courts.
How different was 'new unionism' from the New Model unions? Describe the growth of unions for unskilled workers: farm workers, the match girls and the London Dockers.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study H: The Impact of Western Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
1.1 Why did
Europeans
take over much of the world in the nineteenth century?
Topic outline
What had been the impact of imperialism by the start of the
19th century?
You should be able to:
Describe the extent of imperialism by the start of the
19th century, and how much it spread during the century. How did imperialism develop during the 19th century?
As above
What social, political, military, economic and religious factors encouraged imperialism?
Describe the nature of imperialism: social, political, military, economic and religious reasons for imperialism.
How was imperialism justified at the time? As above
Describe European attitudes towards imperialism, and towards non-European races.
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study H: The Impact of Western Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
1.2 What was the nature and impact of nineteenthcentury imperialism in
China?
Topic outline
What was the nature of Chinese society in the early 19th century? You should be able to:
Describe Chinese society and attitudes towards foreigners before c.1840 and the causes and results of the Opium Wars.
How did Western countries extend their influence in
China in the 19th century? Describe the actions of the Western powers in China and the role of the missionaries.
How did the
Chinese react to
European
intervention?
Describe the Self-Strengthening Movement and the
Sino-Japanese war and its consequences for China.
How significant was the impact of
Western
intervention for
China?
Describe the impact of western intervention on Chinese society and culture.
Describe the significance of the Boxer rising
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study H: The Impact of Western Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
1.3 What was the nature and impact of nineteenthcentury imperialism in
India?
Topic outline
What was the nature of British rule before 1857?
You should be able to:
Describe Indian society, religions and culture under
British rule in the first half of the 19th century: the impact of Bentinck and Dalhousie
Why did rebellion against British rule occur in
1857, and why did it fail?
Describe the causes of the Mutiny of 1857 and the reasons for its failure
How much were
British attitudes and the nature of their rule changed by the events of 1857?
Describe the immediate and long-term effects of the
Mutiny
How much was nineteenthcentury India changed by
British rule?
Describe the changes in the nature of British rule in
India
Checklist
Comments
Depth Study H: The Impact of Western Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
1.4 What was the nature and impact of nineteenthcentury imperialism in
Africa?
Topic outline
Why was there a scramble for colonies in Africa in the 19th century? You should be able to:
Describe the different reasons for European interest in
Africa and the scramble for Africa and the Berlin
Conference.
What different methods of rule were used in
Africa by the
Europeans?
Describe direct and indirect rule by the British in Africa
How were
Africans affected by European rule? Describe the effects of European rule on Africans: the impact of Imperialism in Africa for Europeans; colonial rivalry and trade.
[Note: examination questions on this Depth Study will not refer to specific African countries, but you will be expected to refer to relevant examples in your answers.]
Did Europeans benefit from their colonies in
Africa?
As above
Checklist
Comments
Section 4: Appendices
Examiner command words
Ensure that you know the meaning (and differences) of the following words that you will encounter in your examinations:
Word
Meaning
DESCRIBE
…………………………………………………………..
EXPLAIN
…………………………………………………………..
WHAT
…………………………………………………………..
HOW FAR
…………………………………………………………..
RELIABLE
…………………………………………………………..
USEFUL
…………………………………………………………..
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