learning theories
Definitions: Learning is a change in behavior as a result of experience or practice. It is a process of gaining knowledge, or skill in, something through study, teaching, instruction or experience.
2. “the relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to experience” (Mayer, 1982, p. 1040).
3. “an enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience” (Shuell, 1986, p. 412).
Learning theories are grouped into three basic categories:
• Behaviorist learning theories
• Cognitive-information processing learning theories
• Cognitive-constructivist learning theories
Behaviorism
Learning is a result of experience. We use knowledge of the results of past behaviour to change, modify and improve our behaviour in future. We cannot learn without appropriate feedback. Behaviourists and cognitive psychologists agree that experience affects behaviour but disagree over how this happens. Feedback may be either rewarding or punishing. This observation is encapsulated in the behaviourists" law of effect' which simply states that we learn to repeat behaviours that have favourable consequences and to avoid behaviours that lead to punishment or to other unfavourable or neutral consequences.
The American psychologist John B. Watson introduced the term `behaviourism' in 1913. Behaviourists argue that nothing of psychological importance happens between the stimulus and the response.
The development of associations between stimuli and responses happens in two different ways known as Pavlovian conditioning and Skinnerian conditioning.
Pavlovian conditioning is also known as classical and as respondent conditioning. The concept and related conditioning techniques were developed by the Russian.
If you show meat to a dog, it will produce saliva. The meat is the stimulus, the saliva is the response. The meat is an unconditioned stimulus (US), because the dog salivates
2. “the relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to experience” (Mayer, 1982, p. 1040).
3. “an enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience” (Shuell, 1986, p. 412).
Learning theories are grouped into three basic categories:
• Behaviorist learning theories
• Cognitive-information processing learning theories
• Cognitive-constructivist learning theories
Behaviorism
Learning is a result of experience. We use knowledge of the results of past behaviour to change, modify and improve our behaviour in future. We cannot learn without appropriate feedback. Behaviourists and cognitive psychologists agree that experience affects behaviour but disagree over how this happens. Feedback may be either rewarding or punishing. This observation is encapsulated in the behaviourists" law of effect' which simply states that we learn to repeat behaviours that have favourable consequences and to avoid behaviours that lead to punishment or to other unfavourable or neutral consequences.
The American psychologist John B. Watson introduced the term `behaviourism' in 1913. Behaviourists argue that nothing of psychological importance happens between the stimulus and the response.
The development of associations between stimuli and responses happens in two different ways known as Pavlovian conditioning and Skinnerian conditioning.
Pavlovian conditioning is also known as classical and as respondent conditioning. The concept and related conditioning techniques were developed by the Russian.
If you show meat to a dog, it will produce saliva. The meat is the stimulus, the saliva is the response. The meat is an unconditioned stimulus (US), because the dog salivates