Probs and stats notes
Chapter 1
Statistics is the science of:
-Planning studies and experiments
-Collecting data
-Organizing, summarizing, and presenting
-Analyzing
-Drawing conclusions based on the data
-Population: the complete collection of all measurements or data that are being considered.
-Sample: sub collection of members selected from a population.
-Census: collection of data from every member of a population.
What does Statistics Do?
-Collect data
-Summarize the dataset collected
-Make inferences about the population characteristics from information contained in a sample drawn from the population.
-Data must either be numeric in origin or transformed by researchers into numbers.
Descriptive Statistics
-Sometimes (but rarely) we can enumerate the whole population (census), if so we need only use descriptive statistics: procedures used to summarize and describe the set of measurements.
Inferential Statistics
-When we can’t enumerate the whole population we use, inferential statistics: procedures used to draw conclusions of inferences about the population from information contained in a sample.
-Parameter: a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population.
-Statistic: a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample.
Types of Data
-Discrete data: result when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a “countable” number (ex. 1,2,3)
-Continuous (numerical) data: result from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps (ex. A cow produces 2.34644L of milk a day).
Levels of Measurement
Another way to classify data is to use levels of measurement by looking at what is being measured.
Types of Data: -Nominal: categories only -Ordinal: categories with some order -Interval: differences but no natural zero point -Ratio: differences and a natural zero point
-Nominal and
Statistics is the science of:
-Planning studies and experiments
-Collecting data
-Organizing, summarizing, and presenting
-Analyzing
-Drawing conclusions based on the data
-Population: the complete collection of all measurements or data that are being considered.
-Sample: sub collection of members selected from a population.
-Census: collection of data from every member of a population.
What does Statistics Do?
-Collect data
-Summarize the dataset collected
-Make inferences about the population characteristics from information contained in a sample drawn from the population.
-Data must either be numeric in origin or transformed by researchers into numbers.
Descriptive Statistics
-Sometimes (but rarely) we can enumerate the whole population (census), if so we need only use descriptive statistics: procedures used to summarize and describe the set of measurements.
Inferential Statistics
-When we can’t enumerate the whole population we use, inferential statistics: procedures used to draw conclusions of inferences about the population from information contained in a sample.
-Parameter: a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population.
-Statistic: a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample.
Types of Data
-Discrete data: result when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a “countable” number (ex. 1,2,3)
-Continuous (numerical) data: result from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps (ex. A cow produces 2.34644L of milk a day).
Levels of Measurement
Another way to classify data is to use levels of measurement by looking at what is being measured.
Types of Data: -Nominal: categories only -Ordinal: categories with some order -Interval: differences but no natural zero point -Ratio: differences and a natural zero point
-Nominal and