qms 102 test banks

MODULE 2
Data Types &
Measurements

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Learning Objectives:


Distinguish between qualitative(categorical) and quantitative (numerical) data.



Distinguish between discrete and continuous numerical data.



Identify the various scales of measuring data – nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio..



Implications of data types and measurement scales for statistical analysis.

Reading Assignments


Textbook – Chapters 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7.

Dr. Raphael Djabatey

2

1

DATA TYPES
DATA

Type

Measurement

Categorical (Qualitative)

Nominal

Numerical (Quantitative)

Ordinal

Discrete

Interval

Continuous

Ratio

Dr. Raphael Djabatey

3

DATA TYPES
1

Quantitative Data (or Numerical Data)


Quantitative Data refers to information that are written in numbers and are quantifiable. These are often measurable or countable data which allow researchers to perform various arithmetic operations, such as additions and multiplications to find statistics like mean. Example is ages of selected students.
What is your age?

2

26, 20, 28, 22, 24, 30, 24, 20  Average is 24

Qualitative Data (or Categorical Data)


Qualitative Data refers to information that are written in labels and can be placed items into separate categories or groups. These are often attributes or nonnumerical categories. Because these are non-numerical items the only statistics that can be applied to them is frequency count or mode. Example is gender.
What is your gender? Male or Female

We can count 30 males and 40 females
4

Dr. Raphael Djabatey

2

DATA TYPES
Qualitative Data

Quantitative Data



Data are not numbers or if numbers they cannot be quantified .



Data are numbers and can be quantified. 

Data items can be placed into distinct categories based on some attributes or characteristics. 

Data can be classified as either discrete or