STUDY GUIDE: EXAM 4
Chapter 29, pp. 1091-1141; Chapter 30, pp. 1142-1208; Chapter 31, pp. 1209-1241; Chapter 32, pp. 1242-1265; Chapter 33, pp. 1266-1309; Chapter 34, pp. 1310-1343
Chapter 26: Altetations of Erythrocyte Function, pp. 989
1. Anemia, pp. 989. Anemia is a areduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin. Anemias commonly result from (1) impaired erythrocyte production, (2) blood loss (acute or chronic), (3)increase erythrocyte destruction, or (4) a combination of these three. sThe fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia is a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood resulting in tissue hypoxia.
Chapter 29: Structure & Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, pp. 1091-1141.
1. Automaticity of the Heart, pp.1103. or the property of generating spontaneous depolarization to threshold, enables the SA and AV nodes to generate cardiac action potentials without any stimulus. Cells cable of spontaneous depolarization are called automatic cells. The automatic cells of the cardiac conduction system can stimulate the heart to beat even when the heart is removed from the body. Spontaneous depolarization is possible in automatic cells b/c the membrane potential does not “rest” during phase 4. Instead it slowly creeps to ward threshold during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle. Because threshold is approached during diastole, phase 4 in automatic cells is called diastolic depolarization. The electrical impulse normally begins in the SA node b/c its cells depolarize more rapidly then other automatic cells.
Rhythmicity is the regular generation of an action potential by the heart’s conduction system. The SA node sets the pace b/c normally it has the fastest rate, which is why it is called the natural pacemaker of the heart. The SA node depolarizes spontaneously 60 to 100 times per minute.
2. Peripheral Vascular System, pp. 1113
3. Cardiac Action
Chapter 26: Altetations of Erythrocyte Function, pp. 989
1. Anemia, pp. 989. Anemia is a areduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin. Anemias commonly result from (1) impaired erythrocyte production, (2) blood loss (acute or chronic), (3)increase erythrocyte destruction, or (4) a combination of these three. sThe fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia is a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood resulting in tissue hypoxia.
Chapter 29: Structure & Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, pp. 1091-1141.
1. Automaticity of the Heart, pp.1103. or the property of generating spontaneous depolarization to threshold, enables the SA and AV nodes to generate cardiac action potentials without any stimulus. Cells cable of spontaneous depolarization are called automatic cells. The automatic cells of the cardiac conduction system can stimulate the heart to beat even when the heart is removed from the body. Spontaneous depolarization is possible in automatic cells b/c the membrane potential does not “rest” during phase 4. Instead it slowly creeps to ward threshold during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle. Because threshold is approached during diastole, phase 4 in automatic cells is called diastolic depolarization. The electrical impulse normally begins in the SA node b/c its cells depolarize more rapidly then other automatic cells.
Rhythmicity is the regular generation of an action potential by the heart’s conduction system. The SA node sets the pace b/c normally it has the fastest rate, which is why it is called the natural pacemaker of the heart. The SA node depolarizes spontaneously 60 to 100 times per minute.
2. Peripheral Vascular System, pp. 1113
3. Cardiac Action