-related to a whole nation as opposed to any of its parts
-owned or controlled by the central government of a country:tumult [ˈt(j)uːmʌlt] ражданские волнения, неповиновение, беспорядки; мятеж; волнения a confused, noisy, and excited situation, often caused by a large crowdroute [ruːt] маршрут particularly [pəˈtɪkjələlɪ] очень, чрезвычайно; в высокой степени; особенно; в особенности, в частности, отдельноsporadic [spəˈrædɪk] случайный; единичный, отдельный; спорадичный , временно возникающийcease-fire [ˈsiːsˌfaɪə] прекращение огняestimate (v) [ˈɛstɪmeɪt] оцениватьestimate (n) [ˈɛstɪmət] оценка; суждение;frequent (adj) [ˈfriːkwənt] постоянный,частый, frequent (v) [friːˈkwɛnt] часто посещать, быватьfluctuating [ˈflʌktʃʊeɪtɪŋ] колебание, изменение, неустойчивыйtemporary [ˈtɛmp(ə)r(ə)rɪ] временный, преходящий промежуточный (о данных) perhaps [pəˈhæps, præps] possibly cautious [ˈkɔːʃəs] осторожный, осмотрительный; предусмотрительный wary, carefulnewcomer [ˈnjuːˌkʌmə] новенький , молодой специалистrefugee [ˌrɛfjʊˈdʒiː] беженец, эмигрантlandscape [ˈlæn(d)skeɪp] земельный участок;volunteer [ˌvɒlənˈtɪə] someone who does a job willingly without being paid:medicine [ˈmɛdɪsɪn, -ds(ə)n] лекарство, медикаментvolunteerism [ˌvɒlənˈtɪərɪz(ə)m] работа на добровольной основе , использование добровольцев или опора на добровольцевalthough [ɔːlˈðəʊ] хотя, если бы даже; несмотря на то, что; невзирая на тоcigarette [ˌsɪɡ(ə)ˈrɛt] Spartan [ˈspɑːt(ə)n] воздержанный, суровый; характерный для спартанских нравов spartan conditions or ways of living are simple and without any comfort:guarantee [ˌɡær(ə)nˈtiː] гарантия;Exercise 2. Remember these words and phrases. Make up Russian-language sentences to be translated to English to bring these items out. to quit - to leave a job, school etc, especially without finishing it completely:
His decision to quit international football has shocked everyone.
He quit his job after an argument with a colleague. to blame smb for smth (BUT: to blame smth on smb) to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad: she blamed herself for having committed an error — она винила себя в том, что совершила ошибку
They blamed the accident on her. — Они возложили на нее вину за случившееся. to fan out - if a group of people fan out, they walk forwards while spreading over a wide area
Officers fanned out across the field to look for clues. to apply (to smb for smth)
We applied to the authorities for assistance. — Мы обратились к властям за помощью.to spell (= to mean) such an error spells the ruin of our hopes — подобная ошибка означает крушение наших надеждto forecast [= predict]: Analysts are forecasting an increase in profits of up to 16%. –аналитики предсказывают рост прибыли до 16% to meet one’s obligations выполнять обязательство (=do something that is your duty)
The council has failed to meet its statutory obligation to the public.
Он был уволен из-за того, что не выполнил свои обязанности своевременно – He was fired because he has failed to meet his obligations at the proper time to handle (some issues) руководить,справлятьсяThe UN deserves praise for the way it handled the crisis situation. — Организация Объединенных Наций заслуживает похвалы за то, как она справилась с кризисной ситуацией.to be put off by smth To cause confusion in; embarrass; displease.
I was rather put off by the shamelessness of his proposal. plight a sad, serious, or difficult situation
Economic plight is far worse than had been expected. — Экономическая ситуация намного хуже, чем ожидалось.
Exercise 4. Prepare run-downs on these topics. The use of PowerPoint presentations would be welcome.1. the war in eastern Ukraine; the September 5 cease-fire2. the Soviet Union; the fall of the Soviet Union3. the conflict in Moldova4. the conflict in Georgia5. Stalin’s penal system6. the United Nations7. Volunteerism 8. Ukrainian refugees in the Lipetsk region
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