Unit 13 American Pageant 12th Edition Notes

Unit 13 Notes
Chapter 38: The Eisenhower Era
Korean Armistice
1952; Eisenhower visited Korea shortly after winning the presidency; waited 7 months before resorting to nuclear warfare; Koreas compromised until 38th parallel

Army-McCarthy Hearings
1954; McCarthy attacked the Army as Communist; Army attacked him on television for 35 days; McCarthy's downfall

Jim Crow
Segregated blacks from whites

Emmett Till
14 year old black who vacationed in Mississippi, allegedly whistled at a white woman (Carolyn Bryant), was subsequently beaten, abused, and murdered then tied to a cotton gin and thrown into a river

Montgomery Bus Boycott
After Rosa Parks is arrested, MLK rallies the black community to do this. This seriously hurt the bus companies. This lasted more than a year, and ended in '56 when the SC declared segregated buses unconstitutional.

Brown v. Board of Education
1951; (SCC) Marshall argues, wins this one. Unanimous vote under the Earl Warren court that "separate but equal" is a false doctrine.

Little Rock Central High School
1957; 9 black students trying to go to school needed to be defended by federal troops
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
MLK and nearly 100 other black ministers form this organization in 1957 to encourage nonviolent protest to provoke segregationists and win support from moderate southern whites. Although it got more blacks to support the movement, it failed to spark controversy or get white sympathy

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
Created by sit-ins; lack of patience resulted in their downfall

Interstate Highway Act of 1956
1956; more effective; jobs and benefits (trucking, gasoline, automobile); deprived passenger trains, decreased air quality, robbed downtowns of business due to shopping outlets

Nikita Khrushchev
First Secretary of the Soviet Union- "premier"- was in attempts to negotiate towards reconciliation with Eisenhower but U-2 scandal made such attempts void

Geneva Conference
After Vietnam fell to Nationalists; split Vietnam at the 17th parallel; elections 2 years later to join them
1955; Eisenhower & Khruschev; "Open Skies"; Krhuschev thought it was an American ply for Dulles and rejected the idea

Battle of Dien Bien Phu
1954; French corned Indochina; French asked for American support; America not involved

Warsaw Pact
1955; Soviet Union reacted to NATO's addition of West Germany, protecting its Communist satellites

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
1960; control petroleum exports; controlled Western countries

Sputnik
1957; Soviets; Part I small, PART II dog displaying Soviet superiority; provided Communism with credential; maybe intercontinental ballistic missiles; created missile gap, NASA, and NDEDA

National Defense and Education Act
1958; increase education to compete with the Soviets; 887million in form of scholarships

U-2 Spy plane incident
The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

Fidel Castro usurped power from Batista regime by guerilla warfare, US unable to execute effective coup, became military dictator

Betty Friedan
Feminists who published the Feminine Mystique 1963; modern women's rights movement to break away from suburban housewife life and to deal with struggles due to sexism

Elvis Presley
United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977)

Chapter 39: The Stormy Sixties
John F. Kennedy
The thirty-fifth United States President who represented the state of Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat, and in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1961. Events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War. He was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald.

“New Frontier”
The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Berlin Wall
In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

“Massive Retaliation”
Dulles; nuclear bombs

“Flexible Response” the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

Bay of Pigs
In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Cuban Missile Crisis the 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba

Freedom Riders
Both black and white americans that took to riding public transportation in the deep south to demand that the Boynton v. Virgina verdict be upheld. This resulted in many busses being attacked

March on Washington held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

“Great Society”
President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

“War on Poverty”
Waged by Johnson's Great Society programs that presented a classic liberal platform.
- Civil and voting rights acts
- Public school funding—when the rich moved to the suburbs all the poverty and squalor remained in the cities, destroying the tax base which of course had negative effects on public education
- Medicare and Medicaid
- National endowment for arts and humanities (PBS)
- Clean air and water quality acts
- Endangered species preservation act (1966)

Affirmative Action policies of the government aimed at increasing access to jobs, schooling, and oppurtunities to people previously discriminated against...Bakke vs. Board of Regents

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Congress gave up its war making powers to the President in this resolution which Johnson himself called "Grandma's night shirt, a tool to cover everything."

Medicare
-available to all elderly americans regardless of need
-form of federal welfare assistance
-assisted medical community because the fed payed all fees

Medicaid extended federal medical assistance to welfare recipients and other indigent people of all ages

Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes and a broad range of other housing related transactions

24th Amendment
Passed when LBJ was president, outlawed poll taxes.

Freedom Summer
1964; Blacks and whites going to polling places to ensure that the law is being enforced and blacks do have the right to vote. This resulted in much violence in the south including murders, battery, etc.

Malcolm X spread ideas of black nationalism. disagreed w/ both the tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement. minister of the nation of isam. rejected his original name because it was his family's slave name

Stokeley Carmichael
Founder of "Black Power"

“Black Power” the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. it urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.

Domino Theory the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

Doves opposed the Vietname War and believed the United States should withdraw its forces from Vietnam.

Hawks supported U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and believed America should increase military force to win the war.

Tet Offensive
Tet: the first day of the Vietnamese New Year
-communist forces launched an enormous attack on american strongholds through- out Vietnam
-one of the first televised battles, revealed brutality of war, great effect on election of 1968
-Walter Cronkite
-Democrats Criticizing Johnson

Chicago Democratic Convention
1968
-Tons of protesting and violence
-Humphrey received nomination

Counterculture youth movement led by hippies; promoted drugs and a lack of social restrictions. Drugs are generally harmless social relaxants and as for sex, if it feels good, do it.
Students for a Democratic Society
Student group opposed to militarism and racism; called for "participatory democracy."

George Wallace
Once governor of Alabama, a segregationist that ran as the candidate of the American Independent Party in 1968 and won five states in the South.