’THE USE OF RADIO IN THE PROMOTION OF FOOTBALL FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA’’

Chapter One
General Overview and the Background to the Study
1.0. Background Statement
Arguably radio remains the most important electronic medium in developing nations such as Ghana. Radio is still an incredibly powerful medium for change in developing countries. It manages to reach vast audiences who live in regions where there is little internet or phone access and in many cases no electricity. There are many exciting new communication technologies being harnessed by NGO’s aid agencies and governments such as; satellite radio, podcasting, cellular technology and on-line radio. But so far, none have surpassed the simplicity and sheer effectiveness of traditional radio.
Radio’s primary strength is that it remains a truly ubiquitous medium. According to Sam Coley, Senior Lecturer and Radio Degree Leader at Birmingham City University; UK, “there are an estimated 800 million radios in developing regions across the world, making it the ideal medium for delivering important information concepts to listeners who are often illiterate. These messages are distributed through the use of radio, documentaries, phone-in talk shows, on air debates and the use of short educational commercials – “spots” as they are sometimes known”.
Radio is a major medium that can be use to promote football since it is capable of reaching a vast majority of people. It provides publicity and coverage of the game making it known to all and sundry. Potential investors and sponsors are brought into the football industry through the power of radio. The coverage of the Ghanaian local football league that is the Glo premier league by some radio stations puts the game of football at the apex of sports in Ghana. A sports programme on radio is mostly dominated by football indicating the premium attached to it. The listenership of such programmes for instance the Asempa fm Sports Morning Show are huge and as such creates opportunities for companies and organizations to make known of their products and brands to the public through advertising and commercials. Through commentary football reaches people as far those in the villages making them feel part of the football industry resulting in the promotion of the game.
According to report by the National Communications Authority (NCA) in 2011, there were 247 authorized radio stations in Ghana and out of these, 217 were operational while the remaining 30 were yet to start operations. This indicates that the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development is attainable. Football is currently acclaimed to be the biggest and the world’s most popular sport with over 260 million registered players representing 208 national football associations and several millions of followers. The number of people who patronize this game is more than 200 million worldwide. Football is a global sport with a huge following all over the world. It is about the only sport which commands such a big following week after week and brings together people from different backgrounds and cultures according to Graphics Sports; 2011, page 7.
The Federation of International Football based in Zurich, Switzerland is the international governing body of this game. That of the African continent is governed by the Confederation of Africa Football whose headquarters is situated in Cairo, Egypt. Here in Ghana also, it is the Ghana Football Association who is in charge of the game.
Football has become a religion in its own right due to the passion with which people of all spheres of life follow it. Many, for the love of the game, do not mind either going naked or wearing only underwear and painting their bodies with national colours to walk around football stadia and parade streets during and after football matches.
Countries have mourned the loss of football matches by both clubs and national teams for days, weeks, months and years. Many people through fan hooliganism have died or have been maimed for life, rendering their families impoverished without any hope for the future.
One major benefit of football in modern times is economic development and in other for this to be realized the use of the electronic media precisely radio is paramount. Football generates income for its elements such as the players, managers, coaches, administrators, companies which manufacture football kit (e.g. Nike, Puma, Adidas and Lotto), cleaners, security officers and petty traders who sell foods and other football paraphernalia who directly or indirectly contribute to the running of the game.
Additionally, it has provided career opportunities to many of the youth. Many people who are talented but academically not so brilliant have found solace in football. Many certainly have become financially richer than many well schooled or academicians. Many projects carried out by governments, footballers and administrators towards the development of the game provide job opportunities to many citizens. The companies which manufacture kit also employ workers who are paid wages and salaries which are spent on goods and services in economies of the world. But all these in one way or the other cannot be achieved without recognizing the usefulness of radio in the promotion of this game for economic development. Manchester City an English premier league side banked a record of £400 million sponsorship deal with Etihad Airways, making it the largest deal of its kind worldwide according to m.guardiannews.com/football.
In Europe and America, football is increasingly important to the economy. About 2 million people are employed in the football economy in the 15 member countries of the European Union. This is 1.3% of overall European Union employment. Not only that football economy is growing, in Europe, in the early 1970’s, the ratio of overall sports expenditures for the goods and services to GDP were around 0.5%. In the UK, the contribution of the football economy to GDP in currently estimated at more than 2%. As a comparison, this is three times as high as the current contribution of agriculture to GDP in U.K.
For instance, players pay huge sums of money to various governments out of their salaries. Clubs also pay taxes out of their gate proceeds and for using governments’ stadia. May be, we can encourage a lot of sponsors to fund our game so that players can be paid well in order to tax them for economic development.
Locally, the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation-GNPC become the headline sponsor of the senior men national team; the black stars when a $3 million per year contract for a period of between 3-5 years was signed between the Ghana Football Association-GFA and GNPC according to ghanafa.org dated January 5, 2013.
Furthermore, the construction of stadia and other football facilities also leads to economic growth as the monies which are sunk into such projects through their multiplier effect grow the economy. Again, football promotes the image of a country for economic development. Whenever our football teams and players are involved in major international competitions, the country becomes a household name in the rest of the world. This will attract foreign direct investments into the country for economic development.
Since 1991 when Ghana won the Under-17 World Cup coupled with the bronze medal feat at the Olympic Games in Barcelona in 1992, our participation in the 2006 and 2010 World Cup finals, the silver medals in Australia 1993 Under-20 World Cup, Argentina 2001 Under-20 World Cup, Angola 2010 Nations Cup and our gold medal during the Under-20 World Cup staged in Cairo, Egypt in 2009, Ghana has attracted a lot of investments into various sectors of the economy.
This study will focus on the use of radio in the promotion of football in the realization of all the above economic benefits that the country’s economic sector stands to gain. It will define some crucial decisions and steps needed to execute this study to its success. In order to achieve such objective, this study focused on Asempa fm, an Accra-based private radio station, students from the Ghana Institute of Journalism and students from the University of Ghana.

1.1. Statement of Problem Arguably, football as sports over the years has come to stay. It has become a global game that every bit and harry yearns for. The game has made many very wealthy and has changed the social status of others too. One benefit of this game that society has failed to acknowledge is the economic aspect of it. The media particularly radio has failed to recognize its use in the promotion of this game to aid the economic development of the country. This study is to explore the use of radio when it comes to promoting football for economic development in Ghana.
The History of Football Tactics (Hardcover) by Jonathan Wilson portrayed the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development in the developed world. However, it appears that the use of the media particularly radio has not been encouraging and effective enough in Ghana and as a result does not reflect on the willingness of promoting the game.
As already indicated, this can be attributable to the fact that radio in developing countries like Ghana simply ignores the outcome of its economic benefits by focusing much on the social benefits such as gaining communication skills, team work and work ethics. Others too may not know or believe how crucial their role is in promoting the game for economic development. These concerns, among others motivated the study.

1.2. Research Questions
This study therefore interrogates the following questions as a guideline to seeking answers to challenges impeding the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development in Ghana.
1. What is the use of radio in the promotion of football in Ghana?
2. Is radio being utilized enough in the promotion of the game over the years?
3. How does radio’s role in promoting the game affect the economic development of Ghana?
4. Does the Ghanaian Football industry contribute substantially to national economic development?
5. Does revenue from radio station has an impact on the economy?

1.3. Study Objectives
The general objective of this study is to assess the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development in Ghana.
Specific objectives are to:
1. Establish the relationship between radio and football
2. Ascertain the use of radio in Ghana football
3. Establish whether or not radio has done enough in promoting the game over the years to generate enough income for the country’s economy
4. Ascertain ticket revenue from various match football venues.

1.4. Significance of the study
Stakeholders in football management may implement policies that have the likelihood of promoting football but without a basic knowledge in theory manifested in practice and, this calls for the media particularly radio, both private and state owned to recognize its role in promoting the game of football realize to the full the economic benefits that the country stands to gain from the game. This study therefore, is expected to expose the theoretical vacuum created by the numerous works of promoting the game but not acknowledging its economic impacts. The outcome is also expected to serve as a reference material for further research on the topic.

1.5. Scope of the Study
The aforementioned questions which serve as guideline have been designed specifically to tackle the predominant issues regarding the stated problem. Therefore this study centers mainly on the knowledge of students from the Ghana Institute of Journalism, students from the University of Ghana and staff from the sports department of Asempa fm, a local radio station in Accra, Ghana.

1.6. Organisation of the Study
This study is categorized into five chapters. Chapter One is the introduction to the study and covers areas such as statement of the problem, research questions and objectives, scope of the study, rationale of the study, methods and the literature to be reviewed. Chapter Two deals with the literature review of the study into details, theoretical foundation and significance of the study respectively and definition of terms. Chapter Three-methodology and methodological challenges, comprises introduction, research design, methods, population, sampling techniques and sample selection, data collected analysis, limitations of the study and conclusion. Chapter Four presents data analysis, discussions and conclusions. Chapter Five presents the summary, conclusions and recommendations to the study respectively. Two more chapters, 6 and 7, will comprise the bibliography and appendices respectively

Chapter Two Literature Review
2.0. Introduction
This chapter provides:
a. The theoretical lens, through which the issue of the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development is clarified.
b. It also reviews the relevant and related literatures on the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development with the intention of clarifying any shortfalls in respect of previous studies on this topic.

2.1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.1. Mass Media Campaign Strategies: the use of radio in the promotion of football
Media campaigns have a critical role to play in development. It involves various factors to attain the goal of influencing, attracting the target audience with the ultimate objectives to bring about change in beliefs, attitudes, behavior and value systems. The key ingredients are the design, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and the target channels required for the construction and the execution of the media campaigns.
A communication campaign is “a planned, coordinated, sustained, multi-faceted series of messages designed to achieve a pragmatic goal by informally voluntarily influencing target audiences” (Atkin, 1996, p.5). The objective is to disseminate information using multiple communication outlets such as radio for instance, specific messages over a period of time to influence attitudes, behavior, knowledge and beliefs.
According to Atkin, 1996, p.5, working with the media is an effective way to influence attitudes and opinions about your programme or issue. There are two general forms of media campaigns-social marketing and media advocacy. Media advocacy involves garnering media attention about an issue by developing relationships with television, radio and print. It is often used to influence public policy by sending legislators through the media.

2.1.2 Social Marketing: promotion of football for economic development
Social marketing is “the application of commercial marketing technologies to the analysis, planning, execution, and evaluation of programs designed to influence voluntary behavior of target audiences in order to improve their personal welfare and that of society.” (Andreasen, 1995)
Marketing football is not only about individual clubs, however, as shown by the phenomenal global marketing success of the English Premier League and indeed the Championship. Understanding how this growth is achieved makes this rapidly expanding but unusual economic environment. Beyond football clubs, leagues and associations, the manufacturers and retailers of football shirts, boots and other kit are well known as among the most successful, fast changing, fashionable and technologically advanced businesses in the world. Their brands are interwoven with the football business and with the marketing industry. Many of the world’s biggest brands which at first sight seem unrelated to football, from credit cards, banks and insurance to fast food and the soft drinks industry, increasingly use the power of football as a marketing tool in their own businesses. The football business offers a flexible marketing platform with exciting job prospects for those who can thrive in its multicultural, multilingual, technologically sophisticated world.
Social marketing uses traditional advertising methods to influence individual behavior and requires purchasing television, radio or print.

2.2. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

Economic benefits of sports (football)
Though football is rarely analyzed using indirect growth theories, the ripple effects that football can have as a leading industry are quite evident. Clift (2010) notes that in the build up to the FIFA World Cup in South Africa, economic sectors like “transport, energy, telecommunication and social infrastructure are being upgraded and expanded”. This same event is expected to create about 400,000 jobs and attract about 490,000 tourists (Clift 2010). Horne (2004) also noted that the number of high quality facilities well increased with the hosting of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Japan/Korea. The economic effects of hosting such major events therefore can be well felt.
This study acknowledges that a developed football industry gives another alternative to a massive industries and factories that degrade the environment and thus it can support environmentally friendly development policies. Chappelet (2005) maintains that football can arrest the “downward spiral (of underdevelopment) and lead to positive economic and social growth without harming the environment.”
Football can drive other industries due to the large audience it attracts with every match. Football has developed an almost symbiotic relationship with the media where clubs earn money from sponsorship and endorsement deals by giving the media a place to advertise widely. Other industries that advertise through these media therefore have a platform to advertise. According to Frey and Eitzen (1991), the media will pursue sports programming because it enables them to reach a normally difficult-to-reach audience.

Ghana uses Football/Soccer as a tool for Economic/Social Development. November 2, 2009 by Paul Darby (2009)
According to Paul Darby (2009) Ghana was the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to gain independence from Britain in 1957, and with that has come to the liberalisation and excellence of their academics and notably sportsmen.
According to him, the national football team, known as The Black Stars has been one of the biggest sides on the continent, winning the Africa Cup of Nations four times (1963, 1965,1978, 1982) whilst hosting the event a record four times, the last being the 2008 tournament where they fell in the semi finals. Their successes at the 2006 World Cup and the 2010 World Cup, coupled with the gold medal which was choked by their Under-20 team put them on high puddle on world football and thus pumping money into their economy
He also found out that football might hold the keys to giving employment to many of the youth which intends leads to economic growth. He went on to found out that in Ghana for instance, there are over 5000 registered football players, all thus have some form of employment and income. Increased domestic and foreign investment by sports institutions, mainly from Europe has provided education to the young players, whilst harnessing their talents. If they do not succeed in gaining a transfer to Europe, they will have an education to fall on. The players are often housed and fed, thus ensuring their families can spend their income elsewhere for the family.
In conclusion, Paul Darby throughout his writings was limited in recognizing the use of the media radio for that matter, in the promotion of football for economic development. He also did not delve much into issues concerning football and economic development and this is what this study is aiming to achieve.

The Relationship between Football and Economic Development by Prabal Das Gupta, Assistant Professor in Economics Acharya Girish Chandra Bose College Kolkata. Prabal Das Gupta, Assistant Professor in Economics Acharya Girish Chandra Bose College Kolkata, conducted a study into the Relationship between Football and Economic Development. According to him, football is commonly regarded as the most popular sport in the world. During the 2010 world championship in South Africa 32 countries participated out of 170 nations qualifying tournament competed for the coveted FIFA world cup. The tournament was watched by over a billion of television viewers worldwide. Today it is difficult to imagine football without television. Thus, “I can say that there is a strong positive correlation between football industry & media”.
Football is a serious business these days. For instance, during the 2004-05 football seasons, the top 20 clubs in the world generated total revenues exceeding a whopping 3 billion pounds. Needless to say, running a football club as a successful, commercially viable business venture is a whole different ball game. For example, the value of Manchester United is estimated at 1.4 billion dollars, which equals approximately the GDP of a country like Sierra Leone. In order to obtain sustainable development through sport, football clubs must be seen as economic factor, just as enterprises are. This is so because the interest lies around how football clubs can contribute to assure the economic prosperity, the quality of the environment and social equity. Gaps in Reviewed Literature
The various studies and literature reviewed in this section allude, that sports, football for that matter, contribute to economic development in various ways. However, there is the need for research that takes into consideration the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development.
For this reason this study also seeks to investigate into how crucial the use of radio in the promotion of football can contribute to the economic development.

2.4. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
FédérationInternationale de Football Association (FIFA) -English: International Federation of Association Football) - Is the international governing body of association football, futsal and beach soccer.
Referee- is an official who makes sure the rules of a sport are followed during a game. Law 5 of football’s rule states that play is allowed to continue until the ball is out of play if a player is, in the opinion of the referee, injured.
Football – a game played by two teams of eleven players with a round ball that may not be touched with the hands or arms during play except the goalkeeper
Media – communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are disseminated. That is electronic media being TV and radio, print being newspapers, magazines, newsletters etc. Internet etc
Economy – the wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services
Radio – the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves of radio frequency

Chapter Three Methodology
3.0. Introduction
This chapter deals with the various techniques employed for collection of data for this study. It indicates the ways and reasons for which data was collected from some selected sources, which seemed to be applicable for the research topic.
It basically serves four purposes; describe the research methodology used in this study explain the sample selection describe the procedure used in designing the instrument and collecting of the data provide an explanation of the statistical procedures used to analyze the data
The target population and how the sample was framed are also explained in this chapter, making it easier to assess how information was collected and tabulated. The source of information is basically limited to students from the University of Ghana, students from Ghana Institute of Journalism and staff from the sports department of Asempa fm, a local private radio station based in Accra, Ghana. 3.1. Research Design
The research design for this study is a combination of the qualitative and quantitative techniques. The use of quantitative study enables the researcher to gather data and analyze it without any imagination and underlining objectivity. Qualitative study on the other hand, makes human events study to be less objective because it is “neither desirable nor, perhaps, even possible” (Eisner.1998; Moss; 1996; Wolcott, 1994). A questionnaire was designed entailing more close-ended questions with few open ended questions to enable easy administration. 3.2. Methods
Reliability and validity are important aspects of questionnaire design. Suskie (1996) says “a perfectly reliable questionnaire elicits consistent responses”. Leary,(1995) offers seven guidelines for designing a reliable questionnaire: use precise terminology in phrasing questions, write the questions as simply as possible, avoid making unwarranted assumptions about the respondents, conditional information should precede the key idea of the question, no use of barreled questions, choosing an appropriate response format, and pretesting the questionnaire.
The supervisor on the study was contacted severally for corrections and guidelines. Respondents were also given the same set of questions to obtain a high reliability response. They were also contacted on their various work schedules, whilst enough time was given for the completion of the questionnaires. Completed questionnaires were gathered and analyzed to achieve the stated research objectives.
3.3. Population
Students from the University of Ghana, staff from the Sports department of Asempa fm, an Accra-based private station and students from the Ghana Institute of Journalism are the main target population from which a sample size is drawn for the study.

3.4 Sample and Sampling Procedure
The sampling procedure for this study is non-probabilistic and purposive. Merriam (1998) says “purposive sampling is based on the assumption that one wants to discover, understand, gain insight, therefore one needs to select a sample from which one can learn the most”. Sample was selected due to their knowledge on the subject under study. Participants were selected based on their knowledge on football and also their knowledge on the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development.
The sample size was represented by all the various segments indicated in the study population. These segments provided the needed information for effective analysis. The make-up of the sample size includes fifteen (15) students from Ghana Institute of Journalism, twenty-five (25) from the University of Ghana and ten (10) employees from the Sports department of Asempa fm. These selections were made because both institutions run programmes related to the media which radio is part of. Secondly, Asempa fm was selected because of its dedication to sports particularly football.
Convenient sampling has been used to select the sample units. This sampling method made it simple for the researcher by reaching those who were available during the visiting period. In all fifty (50) people were selected as respondents for this study.
Participants were recruited through the process ‘of meet and greet’. The researcher met participants personally, explained to them the purpose of the study and asked if they wanted to participate. If responses were affirmative a questionnaire was administered. Participants were given enough time to complete their questionnaires.

3.5. Data Gathering Methods and Instrument
The study used two sources to gather data; administering of questionnaire and thematic analysis derived from the open ended questions. The questionnaire survey was used and, included both close and open-ended questions respectively to expose the varied nature of perspectives connected with the study. Information from the administered questionnaires provided:
Demographic information Level of interest of football in Ghana The use of radio in the promotion of football The impact of football on the Ghanaian economy Both questionnaire and thematic analysis themes were used as primary sources of data. The researcher also gathered information from already existing materials; text books, articles, reports, online journals which were treated as secondary data for the study.
3.6. Validity of Instrument
To ensure both content and construct validity, the questionnaire was constructed in line with the objectives of the study. It was then given to friends to critique it. Issues of level of the language, construction ambiguity and validity of some items came up. These were subsequently addressed. The revised questionnaire was then given to the supervisor for endorsement. Corrected version of the instrument after comments from the supervisor was used.

3.7. Approaches to Data Analysis
“Data analysis involves organizing what you have seen, heard, and read so that you can make sense of what you have learned. Working with data, you describe, create explanations, pose hypotheses, develop theories, and link your story to other stories,” (Glesne, 1999).
Data collected from the questionnaires and from existing documents were stored in a database and organized under categories based on the emergent themes. The research quantitative data was analyzed using the Microsoft Office Excel Worksheet through tables. Qualitative data on the other hand was analyzed using thematic analysis. Data was presented in tabulation form in percentage analysis. The analysis was taken into consideration both the qualitative and quantitative information.
The researcher spent sufficient time in the field to learn and understand football, its economic impacts and the role that radio plays in it. He established relationships with members well versed in the knowledge of football, its economic impacts and the role that radio plays in it.
The researcher’s finding was reviewed by peers not interested in the study. The peer review session was for the sole purpose of eliminating researcher’s bias.
External audit was accomplished by presenting findings to the project supervisor who examined both the process and product of the research study. Although not involved in the study, the supervisor provided guidelines to the researcher. These guidelines were for the purpose of achieving accuracy. The supervisor also provided important feedback which led to additional data gathering and development of stronger and better articulated findings.

3.7. Validity of Study
Verification is necessary to ensure trustworthiness of the researcher and his area of study. This is critical to evaluating for both quantitative and qualitative researches. For this study, four procedures recommended by J.W. Creswell (1998) in his book, Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design were used to verify the study. They are triangulation, peer review and external audits.
Triangulation was done through the use of multiple sources to collect data for the study. This study relied on interviews, case studies and questionnaires of existing materials on the said topic.
The researcher’s findings were reviewed by peers not interested in the study. Peer reviewing was undertaken to eliminate researcher’s biases and make a chance for underlining themes to be tested and question whether these themes are reasonable to an uninterested party.
External auditing is done by presenting findings to the project supervisor to examine both the process and product of the research study. The project supervisor provided guidelines to the researcher which aimed at achieving accuracy. The supervisor also provided important information which led to additional information gathering and eventually a better and authoritative project.

Chapter Four
Data Analysis and Findings
4.0. Introduction This chapter contains the result of statistical analysis conducted on the relevant data obtained for the study. To ensure the reliability of this study, all relevant data have been obtained for proper presentation and objective analysis. Effort was also made to ensure that all questions asked in the questionnaires had direct bearing on the set objectives. Data presentation was done with extensive use of tabulation and percentages. Themes elicited from the study were discussed extensively.
4.1. Quantitative Data Analysis
This section gives details of respondents’ knowledge on the role of radio in promoting football as a tool for economic development during the questionnaire administration.
Table 1. Distribution of Respondents by Gender
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent Male
36
72
72
72
Female
14
28
28
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013
From the data (Table 1), the total number of respondents is 50 representing 100%. Out of the total population, 36 respondents representing 72% of the sample are male while 14 of the sample representing 28% are females. This means that most of the respondents are male.
Table 2. Distribution of Respondent by Age
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent 18-25
38
76
76
76
25-32
5
10
10
86
32-39
4
8
8
94
39-46
2
4
4
98
Above 50
1
2
2
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013
From the data (Table2), 38 respondents representing 76% of the sample fall between the age ranges of 18-25 years. 5 representing 10% of the sample are between the ages 25-32. 4 representing 8% fall in the age range 32-39. 2 representing 4% are in the age range of 39-46 and 1 representing 2% is above 50. This shows that most of the respondents fall within the age of 18-25.

Table 3. Distribution of Respondents by Educational Qualification
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent Masters Degree
2
4
4
4
First Degree
38
76
76
80
HND
4
8
8
88
Diploma
2
4
4
92
Certificate
1
2
2
94
Other
3
6
6
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013.
The data (Table3) shows that out of the total sample, 2 representing 4% have Masters Degree, 38 representing 76% have First Degree, 4 representing 8% have HND, 2 representing 4% have Diploma, 1 representing 2% have Certificate while 3 representing 6% are others.

4.2.2. The level of interest of the game in Ghana
Table 4. Distribution of Interest in football
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent Yes
44
88
88
88 No
6
12
12
100 Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013.
From the data (Table 4), 44 respondents, representing 88% of the sample population responded yes and 6 respondents representing 12% of the sample responded no. This means majority of the sample have interest in football. Table 5. Distribution on the level of interest in football
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Very High
17
34
34
34
High
14
28
28
62
Average
19
38
38
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013. From the data (Table5), 17 respondents representing 34% of the sample population said they have a very high interest in football, 14 representing 28% said they have high interest in football while 19 respondents representing 38% said they have average interest in football. This means that most respondents have average interest in football.

Table 6. Distribution on which team one supports in Ghana
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Asante Kotoko
15
30
30
30
Hearts of Oak
18
36
36
66
Ashanti-Gold
2
4
4
70
Great Olympics
5
10
10
80
Other
10
20
20
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013.
The data distribution shows which team respondents’ support in Ghana. From the data (Table6) 15 respondents representing 30% of the sample population said they support Asante Kotoko, 18 respondents representing 36% of the sample population supports Hearts of Oak, 2 respondents representing 4% supports Ashanti-Gold, 5 respondents representing 10% supports Great Olympics while 10 respondents representing 20% supports other teams.

Table 7. Distribution on attendance of matches
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Yes
8
16
16
16
No
42
84
84
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013
From the data (Table7), 8 respondents representing 16% of the sample population responded yes while 42 respondents representing 84% of the sample population responded no. This means attendance at matches is not a frequent phenomenon but only happens occasionally.
Table 8. Distribution on level of attendance
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Frequently
3
6
6
6
Occasionally
9
18
18
24
Never
38
76
76
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013
From the distribution (Table8), 3 respondents representing 6% of the sample population said they frequently attend matches, 9 respondents representing 18% of the sample population also said they attend matches occasionally while 38 respondents representing 76% have never attend a match before.
4.2.3. The role of radio in Ghana football
Table 9. Distribution on whether radio influences respondents’ interest in football
Category
Frequency Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Yes
31
62
62
68
No
19
38
38
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013 From the data (Table9), 31 respondents representing 62% of the sample population said radio influences their interest in football while 19 respondents representing 38% said radio does not influence their interest in football.
Table 10. Distribution on whether respondents listen to commentary on radio
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Yes
35
70
70
70
No
15
30
30
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013
From the data (Table10), 35 respondents representing 70% of the sample population responded yes indicating that they do listen to football commentary on radio while 15 respondents representing 30% of the sample population responded no. This means majority of the respondents listen to football commentary on radio.

Table 11. Distribution on respondents’ level of listenership
Category
Frequency Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Frequently
21
42
42
42
Occasionally
14
28
28
70
Never
15
30
30
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013
From the data (Table11), 21 respondents representing 42% of the sample population said they listen to football commentary on radio frequently and 14 respondents representing 28% of the sample population also said they listen occasionally. However, 15 respondent representing 30% of the sample population said they have never listened to it before.

Table 12. Distribution on whether radio promotes football. Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Yes
33
66
66
66
No
8
16
16
82
Don’t Know
9
18
18
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013
On respondents stance on whether radio promote football (Table12), 33 respondents representing 66% of the sample population responded yes, 8 respondents representing 16% responded no. However, 9 respondents representing 18% said they did not know whether radio promotes football or not.4.2.4.
The impact of football on the Ghanaian economy
Table 13. Distribution on whether football has impact on the economy
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Yes
43
86
86
86
No
7
14
14
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013
From the data (Table 13), 43 respondents representing 86% of the sample population responded yes and 7 respondents representing 14% of the sample population responded no. This means majority of the respondents agree that football has impact on the economy.

Table 14. Distribution on whether the Ghanaian football league is attractive to sponsors
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Yes
15
30
30
30
No
35
70
70
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013 From the data (Table14), 15 respondents representing 30% of the sample population responded yes and 35 respondents representing 70% of the sample population responded no. This means majority of the respondents disagree that the Ghanaian football league is attractive to sponsors.

Table 15. Distribution on whether the GFA is doing enough to attract sponsors to the league
Category
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Yes
16
32
32
32
No
34
68
68
100
Total
50
100
100

Source: Research Survey, 2013
The data distribution shows respondents’ stance on whether the Ghana Football Association (GFA) is doing enough to attract sponsors to the football league. From the data (Table 15), 16 respondents representing 32% of the sample population responded yes and 34 respondents representing 68% of the sample population responded no. This means majority of the respondents disagree that the GFA is doing enough to attract sponsors to the football league.

4.2. Qualitative Data Analysis

4.2.1. Do you attend your teams’ matches?
To further know the exact reasons for respondents’ not attending their matches, they were asked to explain in their own words why they do not attend matches especially that of their teams. In all, a large majority of the respondents said they do not attend because they monitor it on radio. Thematic analysis was then used to gauge correctly the extent of their reasons for not attending. Thematic analysis focuses on identifiable themes and patterns of living and/or behavior. Themes on the other hand are defined as units derived from patterns such as "conversation topics, vocabulary, recurring activities, meanings, feelings, or folk sayings and proverbs" (Taylor &Bogdan, 1989, p.131). From the answers given, the themes which were elicited include:
Time constraint
Distance of stadia from home
Expensive gate fees
Monitoring commentary on radio
Not attractive
These themes were based on similar vocabulary and meanings respondents gave.

4.2.2. Is the Ghanaian football league attractive enough to sponsors?
Respondents were asked to give their views on the attractiveness of the football league to sponsors. Majority of the respondents were of the view that the football league is not attractive to sponsors. From the answers given, the themes which were elicited include:
Lacks quality
Low publicity
Poor infrastructures
Hooliganism
Poor standard of play
Poor officiating
Mismanagement and organization
Ineffective marketing and branding
These themes were based on similar vocabulary and meanings respondents gave.

4.3. Is the GFA doing enough to attract sponsors to the football league? Respondents were asked to express their opinion on whether the GFA is doing enough to attract sponsors to the league. Firstly, they were asked if the GFA is doing enough to attract sponsors to the football league. They were provided with options to choose from. Majority of the respondents said the GFA was not doing enough to attract sponsors to the football league while the larger minority of the respondents said the GFA was doing enough to attract sponsors to the football league. To probe the reason for their choice, they were asked to explain. From the answers given, the themes which were elicited include:
These themes were based on similar vocabulary and meanings respondents shared with each other.
Ineffective marketing plan and strategies
Live telecast of some matches
Favouritism
Football politics
More concentration on the national team than the league
Personal gains first
These themes were based on similar vocabulary and meanings respondents shared with each other.

4.4 Does radio influence your interest in football?
Respondents were asked to give their views on whether radio has an influence on their interest in football. They were provided with options to choose from. Majority of the respondents said radio has an influence on their interest in football while the larger minority of the respondents said it does not have any influence on their interest in football. To probe the reason for their choice, they were asked to explain. From the answers given, the themes which were elicited include:
Provides up to date information on football
Pictorial presentation during commentary
Panel discussion
Effective commentary
Hyping of players which attracts supporters to stadium These themes were based on similar vocabulary and meanings respondents gave. 4.5 Is radio doing enough in promoting football?
Respondents were asked to give their views on whether radio is doing enough in promoting football. They were provided with options to choose from. Majority of the respondents said radio is doing enough in promoting football. The larger minority of the respondents said it is not doing enough in promoting football. To probe the reason for their choice, they were asked to explain. From the answers given, the themes which were elicited include: Insightful analysis
Dominance of football in sports programmes
Up to date information on football
Frequent commentary
Influences the attendance at matches These themes were based on similar vocabulary and meanings respondents shared with each other

4.6 Does football has an impact on the economy?
Respondents were asked to give their views on whether indeed football has an impact on the economy. They were provided with options to choose from. Majority of the respondents said football has an impact on the economy. The larger minority of the respondents numbering seven (7) thought otherwise. To probe the reason for their choice, they were asked to explain. From the answers given, the themes which were elicited include:
Tax deductable revenue
Sale of tickets
Brings investors
Create employment
Foreign exchange earners through sale of players
Grant from foreign countries as a result of image projection These themes were based on similar vocabulary and meanings respondents shared with each other.

4.7 What can be done to improve the impact of football on the economy?
In the latter part of the questionnaire, respondents’ were asked to give suggestions based on their own opinions on what can be done to improve the impact of football on the economy. Majority of the respondents agreed to the fact that there is a lot that can be done to improve the impact of football on the economy and so gave various suggestions. From the suggestions given, the themes which were elicited include: Improvement of football pitches
Effective marketing and branding of the local game
Talent development
Giving attention to grassroots football
Involving old footballers in the administration and management
Investing in infrastructural development
Proper management
Devoid of politics
Better packaging of the football league These themes were based on similar vocabulary and meanings respondents shared with each other.

4.8. Findings
The findings in line with the objectives of the study include;
5. Ascertaining the use of radio in Ghana football
6. Establish whether or not radio has done enough in promoting the game over the years
7. Ascertaining the impact of football on the Ghanaian economy
With these objectives, some discussions are done to establish whether or not the objectives set out were achieved. Again, these discussions intend to clarify the various questions raised by this study.
The data gathered and analysis of the data collected made it possible to address issues raised during research which would ultimately address the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development in Ghana. The researcher believes that, based on empirical data used in researching, recommendations provided would serve the aforementioned purpose. The data gathered made it possible to address research objectives outlined in chapter one.

Ascertaining the use of radio in Ghana football From questions 8 and 12 of the questionnaire (appendix), the themes showed the general information on the said subject and this is the first and major concern regarding this study. The themes derived from respondents when asked to explain the use of radio in Ghana football were (1) Insightful analysis, (2) the Dominance of football in sports programmes, (3) Up to-date information on football and (4) Frequent commentary.
In explaining what they meant by radio given an opportunity for insightful analysis of the game, they argued that radio creates an enabling environment for football analysts to digest the game making it attractive to football funs to run helter skitter to get grasp of radio to enable him or her monitor commentary.
Additionally, the football analysts turn out to stimulate the audience interest in football. During the analysis of the game, football experts in the game are given opportunity to educate listeners as well which helps in developing the game
Again, some respondents demonstrated their knowledge on the subject by referring to the role of radio in football as “Dominance of football in sports programmes”. In recent times when you tune in to your radio during sports programmme, the likelihood of hearing a discussion on football as against other sports disciplines is very high. Some radio stations even give an hour and over airtime solely to football. Extensive discussions are done during this period to enhance the promotion of football. Respondents who referred to the use of radio in Ghana football as to given “Up to date information on football” went on to say that even when there is an already running programme and an issue or a development in the football industry crops up, they interacts into that pr;gramme so their listeners also get to know the happenings in football in and around the globe.

Responses on whether or not radio has done enough in promoting the game over the years
Question 12 in the questionnaire derived themes like “Frequent commentary” and “Influences attendance at matches”, when respondents were asked to explain their choice on whether radio is doing enough in promoting football. The answers provided by the respondents showed to some extend that radio is doing enough in promoting the game. For instance, one respondent said “All I hear on radio during sports programmes is football. I am mad that other sports are not being promoted but no one can say that radio is not promoting football”. Another respondent said “Radio exposes and markets the game whipping up interest for sponsorships and investments in its development”.
“They suspend all programmes in other to pave way for commentaries”, another respondent added.

The impact of football on the Ghanaian economy
Question 14 showed the themes generated from respondents answers. These themes include:
Tax deductable revenue
Sale of tickets
Brings investors
Create employment
Foreign exchange earners through sale of players
Grant from foreign countries as a result of image projection
Majority of the respondents agreed to it that indeed football has an impact on the economy and the above themes were generated from their answers. Footballers get sold to international clubs and the money earned from their sale is tax deductable which goes to the state’s coffers for the enhancement of the economy. Also, football paraphernalia of teams and players create employment for vendors who also pay taxes from their earnings to the state. Moreover, it also promotes the nation’s image to other foreign countries which result in creating awareness for investment in the country. Sales of gates proceeds at the various stadia are also taxable and hence help in the building and sustainability of the economy. Citing an example, the CAN 2008 for instance had a lot of impact on the economy. It boosted the hospitality industry and the cultural and tourism industry as well. All these industries pay taxes to the state for country’s economic development.

Chapter Five
Discussions, Conclusion and Recommendations
This chapter covers introduction, discussions, conclusion and recommendations.
5.0. Introduction
Football has become a religion in its own right due to the passion with which people of all spheres of life follow it. It is a global sport with a huge following all over the world. It is about the only sport which commands such a big following week after week and brings together people from different backgrounds and cultures (Graphic Sports; 2011,page 7).
One major benefit of football in modern times is its impact on a country’s economy and in radio broadcast, has seen a major engine identity, realizing the full potential of football. Citing an example, the CAN 2008 for instance had a lot of impact on the economy. It boosted the hospitality industry and the cultural and tourism industry as well. All these industries pay taxes to the state for country’s economic development. However, all these cannot be achieved without recognizing the use of radio in the promotion of the game of football. In fact, the use of radio in the promotion of football is very crucial in the realization for economic development since radio is a major medium through which football can be promoted. Effective publicity and coverage of the game by radio also aids in the promotion of football. Students from the University of Ghana, staff from the Sports department of Asempa fm and students from the Ghana Institute of Journalism (G.I.J.) were used as respondents for the study to get a fair idea on this study. The study revealed authentic definitions, explanations, theories and other concepts that fully bring out clarity of the study under review. In the process of researching, the study also reviewed existing findings on the topic from various writers and professionals.
The researcher considered other sources of information study including review of articles, essays, opinions, and research findings in all areas relating to the study topic. The researcher distributed fifty questionnaires to the sample population of which all were successfully collected and analyzed. The instrument used to gather information was mainly questionnaire. Data and thematic analyses enabled the researcher to make findings to address the study objectives. Furthermore, the study discovered that respondents were aware of the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development in Ghana. This has a far reaching influence on the current state of the use of radio in Ghana football and the prospective state of awareness in the future since majority of G.I.J. students for instance will most likely take over the reins of current journalists.

5.1. Discussions
This section of the study discusses the findings and interpretations of chapter 4 and the implications for both the research questions and the body of related studies performed before this research. Firstly, the study made an establishment from its findings that the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development is attainable. With over 217 radio stations in operation in Ghana, radio remains the major medium through which information and messages are disseminated and heard. Football being the passion of the nation cannot be overlooked especially when it’s capable of contributing to the development of the country’s economy.
Moreover, when it comes to publicity and coverage which are elements for promotion of football, the use of radio cannot be compromised. Findings from the study indicated that radio indeed is a major engine in the realization of the full potential of football. The week after week coverage of the National league (the Glo premier league) by some radio stations is geared towards the promotion of the game for economic development. The coverage exposes the game to potential investors and sponsors and also attracts spectators to the various stadia. The study also discovered that radio sports programmes are mostly dominated by football stories both within and outside and it is obviously an indication that the use of radio in the promotion of the game is paramount in attaining economic development.
Mass Media Campaign Strategies (the use of radio in the promotion of football) and Social Marketing (promotion of football for economic development) theories augmented the findings that the use of radio in the promotion of football is inevitable since it’s a major medium through which the goals and objectives of these two theories which involves various factors to attain the goal of influencing, attracting the target audience with the ultimate objectives to bring about change in beliefs, attitudes, behavior and value systems are carried out.
The various studies and literature reviewed such as economic benefits of sports (football) by Clift (2010), Ghana uses Football/Soccer as a tool for Economic/Social Development by Paul Darby (2009) and The Relationship between Football and Economic Development by Prabal Das Gupta, Assistant Professor in Economics Acharya Girish Chandra Bose College Kolkata allude that sports, football for that matter, contribute to economic development in various ways. However, they failed to recognize the promotional aspect of the game which radio is a key player and cannot be compromise. Clift (2010) for instance, talked about the FIFA World Cup in South Africa and that of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Japan/ Korea. He made substantial arguments regarding how the tournaments boosted the economies of these countries. According to him, the economic sectors like “transport, energy, telecommunication and social infrastructure were upgraded and expanded”. Hence, creating about 400,000 jobs and attracting about 490,000 tourists in South Africa (Clift 2010).
Again, in Paul Darby’s (2009) study on “Ghana uses Football/Soccer as a tool for Economic/Social Development, he also talked about the successes of the Black Stars at the 2006 World Cup and the 2010 World Cup, coupled with the gold medal which was choked by the Under-20 team as putting the country on high puddle on world football and thus pumping money into the economy but failed to recognized the promotional side of game which lies at the doorsteps of the media in this case radio.
However, the study on the Relationship between Football and Economic Development by Prabal Das Gupta, Assistant Professor in Economics Acharya Girish talked a bit about the use of the media in the promotion of football but was limited to television. According to him, the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South African was watched by over a billion of television viewers worldwide and that it is difficult to imagine football without television currently. Hence, there is a strong positive correlation between football industry & media.
In all these related studies there is potential for football to contribute to economic development in the long run echoing Chappelet (2005) who maintains that football can arrest the “downward spiral (of underdevelopment) and lead to positive economic and social growth” but however, the promotional part of the game which radio is a major medium was missing as against this study which was able to discover the use of radio in the promotion of the game for economic development. Hence, the long term effect of the promotion of football for economic development depends on the utilization of the power of radio.
5.2. Conclusions
Radio is a major medium that can be use to promote football since it is capable of reaching a vast majority of people. It provides publicity and coverage of the game making it known to all and sundry. Potential investors and sponsors are brought into the football industry through the power of radio.
Enough evidence such as gates proceeds at stadia which are tax deductable, job creation, sponsorship and investment was gathered to show that football contributes to economic development. However, this contribution may not be substantial without recognizing the use of radio when it comes to the promotion of the game. Radio is a key player in the football industry so far as promotion is concern. Publicity and coverage which are some of the elements for promoting football are most effective on radio than other media. Radio cannot be overlooked in realizing the full potential of football on the economy. This conclusion however must be put in the context of this study.

5.3. Recommendations
In consideration of the analysis made in chapter four of this study and the empirical findings of the study the following recommendations were made:

5.2.1. Education
Educating sports journalists on their role in promoting football for economic development is the most important thing to do in arriving at the impact that football has on the economy. Obviously radio on its own cannot be use in the promotion of the game unless it is operated. Sports journalists should be taught on how to go about their presentations, analysis, interviews and panel discussions. This can be done through seminars and refresher courses at the expense of the journalists, their employers and the Ghana Football Association (GFA) who is directly responsible for the administration and management of football in the country and must therefore be the main body to push this agenda as a way of giving their quota to the economic development of the country through the promotion of football.

5.2.2. Setting up an effective marketing team
Marketing football is not only about individual clubs, however, as shown by the phenomenal global marketing success of the English Premier League and indeed. Understanding how this growth is achieved makes this rapidly expanding but unusual economic environment. Beyond football clubs, leagues and associations, the manufacturers and retailers of football shirts, boots and other kit are well known as among the most successful, fast changing, fashionable and technologically advanced businesses in the world. Their brands are interwoven with football business. Many of the world’s biggest brands which at first sight seem unrelated to football, from credit cards, banks and insurance to fast food and the soft drinks industry, increasingly use the power of football as a marketing tool in their own businesses.
The football business offers a flexible marketing platform with exciting job prospects for those who can thrive in its multicultural, multilingual, technologically sophisticated world and as such gives opportunity to prospective sponsors. Marketing provides these and many other opportunities and so the stakeholders in the football industry should take this advantage and market the game well to attract sponsors. The GFA in particular should set up a marketing team to see to everything that relates to marketing and branding of the game. This, when it is fully utilized will go a long way in securing sponsorship for the league and the realization of its having an impact on the economy.

6.0. Organizing Seminars for Sports Journalist
Sports journalists’ role in the use of radio in the promotion of football for economic development is very crucial. Without them radio cannot be of use to the extent of its being use in the promotion of football. Seminars will equip them with the necessary techniques in sports journalism and reporting. It will also enhance their knowledge to ensure accurate reportage. Some of these seminars will also enable them to learn the techniques in commentary and effective sports presentation. The way and manner they go about their commentary and presentation is vital in the promotion of the game for economic development. They can as well help in making the game attractive to sponsors.

REFERENCES
1. Creswell J.W. (2007) “Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: choosing among the five approaches,” (2nd Ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Glesne C. (1999) “Becoming Qualitative Researchers: an introduction,” Longman, New York.
3. Yin K. R. (2003) “Case Study Research: design and methods,” Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
4. FIFA, streetfootballworld. Football for Hope Festival: Celebrating the power of football (guide for volunteers), South Africa, 2010. European Commission: White Paper on Sport. Luxemburg, 2007. Online: http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white paper/whitepaper104_en.htm
5. FIFA. Make the world a better place. Mission, goals and programmes of the FIFA Football for Hope movement,Zurich, 2006.
6. VIDAL, John. Guardian.co.uk [online]. Monday 22 March 2010 [cit. 2010-11-23]. 227 million people escapeworld’s slums, UN report finds. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/22/slums-un-report.
7. International Working Group: Harnessing the power of sport for developmentand peace. Toronto, 2005.
8. Creswell, JW. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing Among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
9. Eisner, E. W. (1991). The enlightened eye: Qualitative inquiry and the enhancement of educational practice. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Collier Macmillan Canada..
10. Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
11. Wolcott, Harry F. (1994). Transforming qualitative data: Description, analysis, and interpretation.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
12. Taylor, S. J., &Bogdan, R. (1984). Introduction to qualitative research methods: The search for meanings. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
13. Fédération Internationale de Football Association (n.d.). Ghana – Country Information. Retrieved March 14, 2010, fromhttp://www.fifa.com/associations/association=gha/countryInfo.html/
14. Viad Rosca; Sustainable Development of a city by using a football club. PiataRomana 6. Bucharest. Romania.
15. UNICEF. Sport, Recreation and Play [online]. New York: UNICEF, 2004 [cit. 2010-1129].Online:http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/5571_SPORT_EN.pdf.
16. United Nations: Achieving the Objectives of the United Nations through Sport, Geneva,2008.Online:http://assets.sportanddev.org/downloads/achieving_the_objectives_of_the_un_through_sport_june_2008_1.pdf
17. UJFALUŠI, Robin. Jak se hraje fotbal v Africe: How to play football in Africa. Prague: Gutenberg, 2007.p.159
18. VAN BOTTENBURG, Maarten, et al.: Sports Participation in the European Union. Utrecht, 2005
19. Andreff, W., Borland, J. and Szymanski, S (2005). Sport in Developing Countries, in the Edwar Elgar Companion to the Economics of Sport, 2005.
20. Horne, J (2004). The Global Game of Football: The 2002 World Cup and Regional Development in Japan. Third World Quarterly. 25(7), pp 1233-1244.
21. Sport and Economic Development. International Platform on Sport & Economic Development. Retrieved October 29, 2009, from www.sportanddev.org.
22. Halicioglu, F. (2006). The impacts of football point systems on the competitive balance: evidence from some European football leagues. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. 10798.
23. www.gbcghana.com
24. www. ghanafa.org
25. www.goal.com

APPENDEX
QUESTIONNAIRE
‘’THE USE OF RADIO IN THE PROMOTION OF FOOTBALL FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA’’
I am a final year student of the Ghana Institute of Journalism (GIJ) conducting a study on the above topic. I would be grateful if you could answer the questions below. I assure you that all information gathered will be treated with the highest confidentiality. Thanks for participating.

SECTION A
The level of interest of the game in Ghana
1. Are you interested in football? Yes ( ) No ( )
2. What is your level of interest in football? Very High ( ) High ( ) Average ( )
3. Which team do you support in Ghana? Asante Kotoko ( ) Hearts of Oak ( ) Ashanti Gold ( ) Accra Great Olympics ( ) Other specify………………………………
4. Do you attend your team’s matches? Yes ( ) No ( )
5. Please explain…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. How often do you attend? Frequently ( ) Occasionally ( ) Never ( ) The role of radio in Ghana football
7. Does radio influence your interest in football? Yes ( ) No ( )
8. Please give reason to support your answer……………….......................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Do you listen to football commentary on radio? Yes ( ) No ( )
10. How often do you listen? Frequently ( ) Occasionally ( ) Never ( )
11. Is radio doing enough in promoting football? Yes ( ) No ( ) Don’t know ( )
12. Please give reason to support your answer……………….......................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The impact of football on the Ghanaian economy
13. Does football have an impact on the economy? Yes ( ) No ( )
14. Please give reason to support your answer………………........................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Is the Ghanaian football league attractive enough to sponsors? Yes ( ) No ( )
16. Please explain why?
...........................................................................................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. Is the GFA doing enough to attract sponsors to the league? Yes ( ) No ( )
18. Please explain why?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. What can be done to improve the impact of football on the economy? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION B
BIO DATA
20. Gender Male ( ) Female ( )
21. Age 18 – 25 ( ) 25 – 32 ( ) 32 – 37 ( ) 37 – 44 ( ) Above 50 ( )
22. What is your level of Educational Qualification?
Master’s Degree ( ) First Degree ( ) HND ( ) Diploma ( ) Certificate ( )
Others, please specify……………………………………………………………………………

References: 1. Creswell J.W. (2007) “Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: choosing among the five approaches,” (2nd Ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 2. Glesne C. (1999) “Becoming Qualitative Researchers: an introduction,” Longman, New York. 3. Yin K. R. (2003) “Case Study Research: design and methods,” Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. 4 5. FIFA. Make the world a better place. Mission, goals and programmes of the FIFA Football for Hope movement,Zurich, 2006. 6. VIDAL, John. Guardian.co.uk [online]. Monday 22 March 2010 [cit. 2010-11-23]. 227 million people escapeworld’s slums, UN report finds. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/22/slums-un-report. 7. International Working Group: Harnessing the power of sport for developmentand peace. Toronto, 2005. 8. Creswell, JW. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing Among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 9. Eisner, E. W. (1991). The enlightened eye: Qualitative inquiry and the enhancement of educational practice. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Collier Macmillan Canada.. 10. Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 11. Wolcott, Harry F. (1994). Transforming qualitative data: Description, analysis, and interpretation.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 12. Taylor, S. J., &Bogdan, R. (1984). Introduction to qualitative research methods: The search for meanings. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 13. Fédération Internationale de Football Association (n.d.). Ghana – Country Information. Retrieved March 14, 2010, fromhttp://www.fifa.com/associations/association=gha/countryInfo.html/ 14 15. UNICEF. Sport, Recreation and Play [online]. New York: UNICEF, 2004 [cit. 2010-1129].Online:http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/5571_SPORT_EN.pdf. Utrecht, 2005 19 20. Horne, J (2004). The Global Game of Football: The 2002 World Cup and Regional Development in Japan. Third World Quarterly. 25(7), pp 1233-1244. 21. Sport and Economic Development. International Platform on Sport & Economic Development. Retrieved October 29, 2009, from www.sportanddev.org. 22. Halicioglu, F. (2006). The impacts of football point systems on the competitive balance: evidence from some European football leagues. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. 10798. 23