Method of Communication and Different Uses of Communication With the development of civilization and written languages came the need for more frequent and reliable methods of communication allowing messages to reach longer distances. This was essential to the control of trade and other affairs between nations and empires. Early man used cave walls as the media on which messages could be transcribed‚ this was common for many years‚ until the Egyptians discovered a special kind of rush (Papyrus)
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Introduction * Meaning of Standard Costing: Standard costing is simply the name given to a technique whereby standard costs are computed and subsequently compared with the actual costs to find out the differences between the two. These differences are then analyzed to know the causes thereof so as to provide a basis of control. * Standard Costing: According to BROWN and HOWARD “Standard costing is a technique of cost accounting which compares the standard cost of each product or service
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Absorption Costing Absorption costing is a method of costing that assigns a small percentage of production and overheads costs to the price of each product that is going to be sold. It accounts for all costs‚ direct and indirect‚ fixed and variable. For example; if 1000 products are made and the total costs are £10000 then each product would cost £10 before making a profit (10000/1000=10). Variable costs are costs that can be controlled by management or a sales worker. Whereas fixed costs are
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INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ORGANIZATIONAL DEPARTMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ORGANIZATIONAL DEPARTMENT Considering the facts of today’s economy‚ many organizations must look for ways to improve and gain advantage over their competitors; they should be ambitious and aggressive in every aspect of their business and intelligently make use of their resources. Information can be crucial in achieving a successful management goal. An organizations use of information as a resource is essential in
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A Review of the Role and Impact of Export Processing Zones Dorsati Madani Address: PREM- EP The World Bank EM: dmadani@worldbank.org CONTENTS: Acknowledgments Disclaimer List of Abbreviations Executive Summary I. Introduction and Definition A. Definition: A1. What are EZPs A2. Characteristics and goals A3. Why do countries use EPZ and EPF schemes? II. The Economic arguments for and against EPZs. A. Foreign exchange earning potential B. Tax revenue/tax loss effects C. FDI:
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Chapter 4 Activity-Based Costing 4-1 4-2 Traditional Costing and Activity-Based Costing Traditional Costing Systems Allocates overhead using a single predetermined rate. ► Job order costing: direct labor cost may be the relevant activity base. ► Process costing: machine hours may be the relevant activity base. Assumption was satisfactory when direct labor was a major portion of total manufacturing costs. ► Wide acceptance of a high correlation between
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ScienceDirect Pattern Recognition journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/locate/pr Two-stage image denoising by principal component analysis with local pixel grouping Lei Zhang a‚Â Weisheng Dong a‚b‚ David Zhang a‚ Guangming Shi b a b Department of Computing‚ The Hong Kong Polytechnic University‚ Hong Kong‚ China Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding (Chinese Ministry of Education)‚ School of Electronic Engineering‚ Xidian University‚ China a r t i c l e in
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Descriptors I.4.6 [Image Processing and Computer Vision]: Segmentation ¡V Edge and feature detection‚ Pixel classification General Terms Algorithms. Keywords Image Processing; Contour Tracing; Shape Boundary Extraction. 1. INTRODUCTION Contour tracing is an important process in boundary-based shape matching. All shapes are represented by a pattern of pixels and the contour pixels are usually a small subset of that pattern. Curvature-based shape matching methods rely on the contour pixels
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1998–2000 Last modified on February 12‚ 2000 at 10:00 AM Contents 13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 First-Derivative Methods . . . . . . . 13.2.1 Roberts Kernels . . . . . . . . . 13.2.2 Kirsch Compass Kernels . . . . 13.2.3 Prewitt Kernels . . . . . . . . . 13.2.4 Sobel Kernels . . . . . . . . . . 13.2.5 Edge Extraction . . . . . . . . . 13.3 Second-Derivative Methods . . . . . . 13.3.1 Laplacian Operators . . . . . . . 13.3.2 Laplacian of Gaussian Operators 13.3.3 Difference of Gaussians
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IS STANDARD COSTING OBSOLETE? Department of Accountancy University of Kelaniya What is Standard costing? Standard costing is technique which establishes predetermined estimates of the costs of products and services and then compares these predetermined costs with actual costs as they are incurred. Management Accounting 2 What is Variance? The difference between a cost’s actual amount and its budgeted or planned amount Unfavorable cost variance Actual cost > Budgeted Amount Favorable cost
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