An Empirical Investigation of Arbitrage Pricing Theory: A case Zimbabwe Petros Jecheche University of Zimbabwe ABSTRACT This study investigates the Arbitrage Pricing Theory for the case of Zimbabwe using time series data from 1980 to 2005 within a vector autoregressive (VAR) framework. The Granger causality tests are conducted to establish the existence of causality among the variables like inflation‚ exchange rate and Gross Domestic Product. The VAR estimates as shown by the impulse response
Premium Economics Inflation Econometrics
GENERAL PRICING APPROACHES There are four general pricing approaches: Mark-up pricing - The practice of adding a constant percentage to the cost price of an item to arrive at its selling price. Mark-up pricing is a pricing strategy in which the cost of the product is first calculated then a proportion of its markup was added. It is used primarily because it is easy to calculate and requires little information. An example of this are the retail stores. Value-based pricing - also value optimized
Premium Pricing Price Marketing
Structures and Relating Pricing Strategies Abstract This paper analysis’s the four categories of the market structure; perfect competition; monopolistic competition‚ oligopoly and monopoly marketing structures. It will also provide pricing strategies as they are specifically related to each market structure. Each market structure possesses it own unique pricing structure that every business follows to achieve its maximum profit. Some market structures pricing strategies are simple
Premium Monopoly Perfect competition Competition
vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream‚ this results in some congestion. As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road)‚ extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time‚ this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. If you live in a large city
Premium Road Electronic toll collection Traffic
Running Head: THE IMPORTANCE OF PRICING STRAGETIES IN MARKET STRUCTURES THE IMPORTANCE OF PRICING STRAGETIES IN MARKET STRUCTURES Yvette Daniels American Public University Systems October 15‚ 2011 The importance of pricing strategies is different depending upon the type of market structure because each market structure has special components that affect the pricing schema and determination of output. Although the pricing strategies are different‚ it is highly important for a select market structure
Premium Perfect competition Monopoly Economics
The Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) mechanism is one of the most commonly employed tools for market settlement in the deregulated power system environment. The proposed work is to determine LMP considering the transmission congestion in Optimal Power Flow (OPF) for an open access power market. The main function of LMP is to give an economic signal to the system operator for the competitive power market. The generator bids are supposed to same as their incremental costs in order
Premium Economics Supply and demand Microeconomics
{draw:g} Table of Contents Soft drink Industry: {text:bookmark-start} Introduction: {text:bookmark-end} We will basically focus on the pricing strategies adopted by these two affluence companies‚ how the change in the strategy of one of them reflects in the strategy of the other. {text:bookmark-start} Entry barriers in soft drink Market: {text:bookmark-end} The several factors that make it very difficult for the competition to enter the soft drink market include: Network
Premium Pricing Soft drink Coca-Cola
executive offices upstairs. And he hopes it will be the last time. Carl doesn’t like the pressure. He has had enough pressure just dealing with all the problems he has been encountering as the foreman of the planer department on the factory floor. What a nightmare this last month has been! Fortunately‚ the meeting had gone better than Carl had feared. The bigwigs actually had been quite nice. They explained that they needed to get Carl’s advice on how to deal with a problem that was affecting the
Premium Standard deviation Stock market Normal distribution
Full Cost Pricing Selling price arrived at by adding overheads and profit margin to the direct cost per unit of a product. In a manufacturer’s overheads computation‚ less than full capacity utilization of the plant is factored in to allow for fluctuations in the output. The profit margin is computed as a fixed percentage of the average total cost of the product. Pricing - full cost-plus pricing Full cost plus pricing seeks to set a price that takes into account all relevant costs of production
Premium Marginal cost Variable cost Costs
Pricing strategy in video game industry Video Gaming industry has gone dramatic changes when more and more digital platforms emerge and improved technology in portable devices‚ mainly in social games(Facebook‚ Myspace) and mobile games. 27% of US online population play at least one game on social network‚ and Facebook gaming revenue hit $1.32 billion in U.S market in 20111. Also‚ as more than more people have smart phone especially apple’s iOS devices‚ gaming application becomes more and more popular
Premium Video game Video game industry Video game console