Kinetic Theory Objectives • Describe how the kinetic-molecular theory is used to explain how gases behave at different temperatures. (Exploration 1) • Analyze data that shows how gas particle mass affects that gas’s behavior. (Exploration 2) • Describe the Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution. (Explorations 1 and 2) Description of Activity The kinetic-molecular theory states that a collection of gas molecules’ average kinetic energy has a specific value at any given temperature
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penetration on AO energies • Bonding – Review VSEPR and Hybridisation – Linear combination of molecular orbitals (LCAO)‚ bonding / antibonding – Labelling of molecular orbitals (MOs) (σ‚ π and g‚ u) – Homonuclear diatomic MO diagrams – mixing of different AO’s – More complex molecules (CO‚ H2O ….) – MO diagrams for Transition metal complexes An introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory 6 Lecture Course Prof S.M.Draper SNIAMS Institute 2.5 smdraper@tcd.ie 2 Lecture schedule
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1 Molecular-Orbital Theory Introduction Orbitals in molecules are not necessarily localized on atoms or between atoms as suggested in the valence bond theory. Molecular orbitals can also be formed the LCAO where more than two atomic orbitals are used. (Technically‚ we can use all of the atomic orbitals in the LCAO.) Linear combinations of orbitals result in the interference of waves. Both constructive and destructive interference may result. Within a diatomic molecule‚ N atomic orbitals
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Kinetic theory of gases Question: How does odor travel from one place to another? Kinetic theory of gases A gas is composed of atoms or molecules The gas particles are in constant random motion Kinetic energy is transferred between particles as they collide Pressure The force exerted per unit of area Formula: pressure/force area Measured by barometer A vacuum is empty space‚ with no particles or pressure. Atmospheric pressure is the collision air particles with objects Units of
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7.6 Summary 1. 7.6 Molecular Orbital Theory a. Intro i. Molecular orbital theory states that the atomic orbitals involved in bonding actually combine to form new orbitals that are the property of the entire molecule‚ rather than of the individual atoms forming the bonds. 1. The new orbitals are called molecular orbitals. ii. Electrons shared by atoms in a molecule reside in the molecular orbitals. iii. Molecular orbitals are like atomic orbitals
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Transitive Property | If a = b and b = c‚ then a = c. | Addition Postulate | If equal quantities are added to equal quantities‚ the sums are equal. | Subtraction Postulate | If equal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities‚ the differences are equal. | Multiplication Postulate | If equal quantities are multiplied by equal quantities‚ the products are equal. (also Doubles of equal quantities are equal.) | Division Postulate | If equal quantities are divided by equal nonzero quantities
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Module 3: Kinetics of Chemical Reactions Introduction to Kinetics Chemical thermodynamics has answered the question “can a specified chemical reaction take place?” (i.e. is the reaction thermodynamically favourable?). • However‚ chemical thermodynamics hasn‟t answered the question “HOW FAST will a specified chemical reaction occur?” o Many thermodynamically favourable reactions are so slow (ex: metamorphic transformation of rocks‚ corrosion of marble sculptures owing to weathering) that they can
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Koch’s Postulates Introduction Koch created four guidelines to determine the causal agents of disease in humans‚ animals‚ and plants. Koch proved that a disease-causing agent could be transferred from one organism to another and create the same illness. Isolation of pure cultures and the introduction of the disease-causing agent to a healthy organism will transmit the disease and infect the inoculated organism. Koch’s four guidelines by which one must follow to transmit a disease from an infected
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using Koch’s postulates‚ it was determined that Pseudomonas syringae was the bacteria causing rot. There are four criteria that must be met when using Koch’s postulates. They are that the organism must be fund in all infected‚ the organism must be isolated in pure culture then once reinnoculated in a healthy host‚ must cause the same symptoms and last‚ the organism must be reisolated in pure culture. All of Koch’s postulates were demonstrated with the tomato. Introduction: Koch’s postulates is important
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Shockley produced a conceptual design based on certain aspects that are considered to have an effect on the auditor’s capability to endure stress. It has been suggested that‚ given the shut working connection between auditors and customers and the fact that auditors are paid by their customers‚ it is emotionally impossible for an auditor to be free from prejudice. Numerous aspects of concern have been noted in the literary works for many years. Shockley’s conceptual design highlighted on recognized
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